Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site

This study was performed to elucidate the distribution, concentration trend and possible sources of total mercury (Hg(T)) and methylmercury (MeHg) in sediment cores (<63 μm particle size; n?=?75) of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, India. Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in a Leco AMA 254 instrument and MeHg by gas chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (GC-AFS). A wide range of variation in Hg(T) (0.032-0.196 μg g(-1) dry wt.) as well as MeHg (0.04-0.13 ng g(-1) dry wt.) concentrations revealed a slight local contamination. The prevalent low Hg(T) levels in sediments could be explained by sediment transport by the tidal Hugli (Ganges) River that would dilute the Hg(T) values via sediment mixing processes. A broader variation of MeHg proportions (%) were also observed in samples suggesting that other environmental variables such as organic carbon and microbial activity may play a major role in the methylation process. An overall elevated concentration of Hg(T) in surface layers (0-4 cm) of the core is due to remobilization of mercury from deeper sediments. Based on the index of geoaccumulation (I (geo)) and low effects-range (ER-L) values, it is considered that the sediment is less polluted by Hg(T) and there is less ecotoxicological risk. The paper provides the first information of MeHg in sediments from this wetland environment and the authors strongly recommend further examination of Hg(T) fluxes for the development of a detailed coastal MeHg model. This could provide more refine estimates of a total flux into the water column.     

Enhanced adsorption of arsenate by spinel zinc ferrite nano particles: Effect of zinc content and site occupation

In this work, zinc ferrite spinel with different zinc contents (Zn_xFe_3-xO₄) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used for removing As(V) in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that in the crystal structure of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄, the zinc atoms tended to occupy the octahedral sites for x?<?0.6 and diffused into the tetrahedral sites gradually with x?>?0.6. The size of Zn_xFe_3-xO₄ crystallites increased with the increasing zinc content. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption isotherms could be well described by the Langmuir model, while the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Zinc ferrite exhibited the highest adsorption capacity towards As(V) when x?=?0.6. Study of the mechanism indicated that doping with zinc increased the number of surface hydroxyl groups on ferrite spinel, and thus enhanced the adsorption capacity when x?=?0.6. This work revealed the effects of doping site and content of metal atoms on the adsorption ability of ferrite spinel towards As(V).     

SEM照片孔隙参数提取技术研究

扫描电镜技术对岩土体微观结构的分析起着越来越重要的作用,从SEM照片中获得定量化的信息参数是众多岩土工程研究者关注的问题。本文以湖南省郴州市王仙岭的黏性土SEM照片的二维和三维分析方法为例来说明SEM照片孔隙参数的提取,并对这两种方法所得结果进行分析比较,结果表明:通常采用的二维及三维分析方法所求得的孔隙率参数值往往偏大;在二维方法中合理选择分割阈值是孔隙率提取的关键,过大过小的阈值都会导致较大的误差;三维方法中需要考虑实际的颗粒形态而不能简单地按照像素值进行三维高程建模。     

光塑性在连续挤压成形研究中的若干关键技术

分析了光塑性和连续挤压技术的特点,总结了光塑性在连续挤压成形研究中的若干关键技术,重点研究了连续挤压过程的光塑性实验建模、光塑性材料的选取、试样制取过程中存在的问题,为今后本领域工作的开展指出可能涉及到的问题.     

“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染时空分布及污染治理成效分析

为掌握“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染的总体情况和变化趋势,采用数据统计分析方法对2016—2020年该流域水质锑变化特征进行研究,同时分析锑污染时间变化趋势和空间分布情况。结果表明,“十三五”期间,资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善,尤其资江干流下游益阳市内的锑污染明显减轻,由2016年的超标率100%到2020年全部实现达标,各断面锑的质量浓度最大降幅达55.5%。资江支流中,2020年邵水断面锑质量浓度年均值较2018年下降了13.1%。资江流域的娄底、邵阳和益阳市均采取了一系列锑污染防治措施,使得资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善。但资江支流中邵水和平溪江污染最重断面锑质量浓度年均值仍有超标,建议“十四五”期间加强流域内涉锑企业和历史遗留污染的治理,力争尽早实现资江全流域水质的全面达标。     

污水土地处理系统ORP变化特征与COD去除率关系的试验研究

污水土地处理技术具有投资少,运行费用低,处理效果好,以及可实现污水处理的无害化、资源化等特点。用污水土地处理系统来处理生活污水,氧化还原环境是一个重要影响因素,而氧化还原电位的高低可以反映系统氧化水平的高低。本论文设计了一个带有多个通气孔的毛管逆滤渗污水处理装置,并用于处理生活污水。试验按照打开通气孔数量的不同被分为全封闭、半封闭（打开8个）和全打开（打开16个）三组同时进行,探讨开启不同数量通气孔时系统内外柱氧化还原电位（ORP）的变化情况以及ORP与系统COD去除率之间的关系,从而为更科学地设计和控制污水处理系统提供依据。试验结果表明：ORP的变化与系统通气性和COD去除率密切相关;系统通气性越好,COD去除率越高。     

表面活性剂对中性氧化铝吸附甲基对硫磷的影响

分别应用离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷这种疏水性环境污染物进行吸附性能研究.结果表明,中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附行为与表面活性剂的种类和浓度及环境中pH值有关.原中性氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力较小,加入阴离子表面活性剂及调节pH值后其吸附能力增强.氧化铝对3种离子型表面活性剂的吸附性能有所不同,在中性条件下,对SDS的吸附量最大,对CTMAB的吸附量最小;当介质pH为4时,氧化铝对SDS或SDBS的吸附量都有所增大,对CTMAB的吸附量则下降.甲基对硫磷和阴离子表面活性剂同时存在于溶液中时,产生协同效应,使氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力有所提高.而阳离子表面活性剂存在下,氧化铝对甲基对硫磷的吸附能力则逐渐下降.     

Seasonal variation of monomethylmercury concentrations in surface sediments of the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)

Surface sediments (0-2cm) were collected at 40 sites along the Tagus Estuary in July and December 2004. The sediments were analysed for total mercury, monomethylmercury (MMHg) and interpretative parameters (e.g. redox potential, pH, C(org)). No significant differences in total Hg, pH, Al, Fe, Mn and C(org) were found between sediments collected in the two periods, but MMHg concentrations were higher in July. On average sediments were warmer and more reducing in summer. On the basis of these results, an increase of 7kg of MMHg (+37%) in surface sediments of the Tagus Estuary was estimated. Presumably higher temperatures in summer promote the increase of microbial activity and higher methylation rates. The alterations observed in this study point to the potential importance of seasonal changes in MMHg production at surface sediments with eventual changes in the MMHg uptake by benthic invertebrates and other organisms in the food web.     

Achieving biodegradability enhancement and acute biotoxicity removal through the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using a combined internal electrolysis and ultrasonic irradiation technology

Actual pharmaceutical wastewater was treated using a combined ultrasonic irradiation (US) and iron/coke internal electrolysis (Fe/C) technology. A significant synergetic effect was observed, showing that ultrasonic irradiation dramatically enhanced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies by internal electrolysis. The effects of primary operating factors on COD removal were evaluated systematically. Higher ultrasonic frequency and lower pH values as well as longer reaction time were favorable to COD removal. The ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and COD (B/C) of the wastewater increased from 0.21 to 0.32 after US-Fe/C treatment. An acute biotoxicity assay measuring the inhibition of bioluminescence indicated that the wastewater with overall toxicity of 4.3 mg-Zn²⁺·L⁻¹ was reduced to 0.5 mg-Zn²⁺·L⁻¹ after treatment. Both the raw and the treated wastewater samples were separated and identified. The types of compounds suggested that the increased biodegradability and reduced biotoxicity resulted mainly from the destruction of N,N-2 dimethyl formamide and aromatic compounds in the pharmaceutical wastewater.     

洞庭湖水质及富营养状态评价

根据2009年洞庭湖水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅲ类水质标准,采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和综合营养指数法对洞庭湖水质及富营养状况进行评价。单因子法结果表明,在总氮、总磷不参与评价的情况下,2009年洞庭湖湖体水质整体为优;湖水中总氮、总磷污染严重,监测断面总磷浓度均劣于Ⅲ类水质要求。综合营养指数评价结果表明,洞庭湖水质处于中营养和轻度富营养水平;综合污染指数评价进一步表明,洞庭湖湖体水质劣于入湖口水质,入湖口水质劣于出湖口水质的分布特征。