Homogeneous and heterogeneous photolysis of nitrate in the atmosphere: state of the science,current research needs,and future prospects

● Recent advances in the photolysis of nitrate/HNO₃ are reviewed. ● Mechanisms and key factors affecting the photolysis of nitrate/HNO₃ are summarized. ● Atmospheric implications and future research recommendations are provided. Nitrate is an important component of atmospheric particulate matter and affects air quality, climate, human health, and the ecosystem. Nitrate was previously considered a permanent sink for nitrogen oxides (NO_x). However, this viewpoint has been challenged in recent years because growing research evidence has shown the transformation of nitrate into NO_x (i.e., renoxification). The photolysis of nitrate/HNO₃, especially in the particulate phase or adsorbed on particles, can be a significant renoxification process in the atmosphere. The formation and photolysis of nitrate in aerosol not only change the diurnal variation of NO_x, but also provide long-distance transport of NO_x in the form of nitrate, which affects local and regional atmospheric chemistry and air quality. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the photolysis of nitrate/HNO₃ under various atmospheric conditions, with a focus on mechanisms and key factors affecting the process. The atmospheric implications are discussed and future research is recommended.     

Synthesis of heterojunction photocatalysts composed of Ag 2 S quantum dots combined with Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets for the degradation of dyes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Facilitating the separation of photogenerated electron/hole pairs and widening the light-responsive region are crucial to enhance the overall...     

Regional landscape futures to moderate projected climate change: a case study in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of North China

Regional Environmental Change - Pacific Island Countries, despite significant variation in levels of exposure and internal adaptive capacities, are often portrayed homogenously as the world’s...     

Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the scale model of open dairy lots

To investigate the impacts of major factors on carbon loss via gaseous emissions, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) emissions from the ground of open dairy lots were tested by a scale model experiment at various air temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C), surface velocities (0.4, 0.7, 1.0, and 1.2 m sec^?1), and floor types (unpaved soil floor and brick-paved floor) in controlled laboratory conditions using the wind tunnel method. Generally, CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were significantly enhanced with the increase of air temperature and velocity (P < 0.05). Floor type had different effects on the CO₂ and CH₄ emissions, which were also affected by air temperature and soil characteristics of the floor. Although different patterns were observed on CH₄ emission from the soil and brick floors at different air temperature-velocity combinations, statistical analysis showed no significant difference in CH₄ emissions from different floors (P > 0.05). For CO₂, similar emissions were found from the soil and brick floors at 15 and 25 °C, whereas higher rates were detected from the brick floor at 35 °C (P < 0.05). Results showed that CH₄ emission from the scale model was exponentially related to CO₂ flux, which might be helpful in CH₄ emission estimation from manure management.

Implications: Gaseous emissions from the open lots are largely dependent on outdoor climate, floor systems, and management practices, which are quite different from those indoors. This study assessed the effects of floor types and air velocities on CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from the open dairy lots at various temperatures by a wind tunnel. It provided some valuable information for decision-making and further studies on gaseous emissions from open lots.     

Utilization of coal gangue for the production of brick

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Coal gangue, an industrial solid waste discarded from coal mining and processing, was used as the sole raw material to prepare brick. The coal...     

Concentration estimation of heavy metal in soils from typical sewage irrigation area of Shandong Province,China using reflectance spectroscopy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since sewage irrigation can markedly disturb the status of heavy metals in soils, a convenient and accurate technique for heavy metal concentration...     

基于多元统计的水质动态评价模型研究与应用

给出一种基于多元统计的水质动态评价模型方法,该模型方法以全局主成分分析(GPCA)方法为主,以动态聚类分析、判别分析为辅助方法。再以湟水流域水质断面为例,根据有机污染、无机污染和综合污染等3个方面对这些水质断面1998—2005年水质污染状态进行定量评价和动态分析。研究结果表明:湟水流域水质断面有机污染较为严重,以上3个方面的污染状态逐年严重,综合污染指数均值从1998年的1.63605上升到2005年的2.38624,2001年以后有加速恶化的迹象。     

Estimation of annual potential evapotranspiration at regional scale based on the effect of moisture on soil respiration

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important component of water cycle. For traditional models derived from the principle of aerodynamics and the surface energy balance, its calculation always includes many parameters, such as net radiation, water vapor pressure, air temperature and wind speed. We found that it can be acquired in an easier way in specific regions. In this study, a new PET model (PETP model) derived from two empirical models of soil respiration was evaluated using the Penman-Monteith equation as a standard method. The results indicate that the PETP model estimation concur with the Penman-Monteith equation in sites where annual precipitation ranges from 717.71 mm to 1727.37 mm (R² = 0.68, p = 0.0002), but show large discrepancies in all sites (R² = 0.07, p = 0.1280). Then we applied our PETP model at the global scale to the regions with precipitation higher than 700 mm using 2.5° CMAP data to obtain the annual PET for 2006. As expected, the spatial pattern is satisfactory overall, with the highest PET values distributed in the lower latitudes or coastal regions, and with an average of 1292.60 ± 540.15 mm year⁻¹. This PETP model provides a convenient approach to estimate PET at regional scales.     

树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤植物的影响及光降解膜肥料的研制

通过盆栽强化试验研究了树脂包衣肥料残膜对土壤容重及作物生长及土壤外观的影响;研究了光降解残膜在自然光下的降解;并探讨了残膜在土壤中的降解与积累模式。结果表明,土壤中残膜含量在0.1%~0.2%范围内时,对作物生长没有负面影响,甚至随着积累量的增加,还有增加作物产量的倾向,但随着土壤中残膜量的增加,对土壤外观有一定影响。添加光降解剂可以显著加快残膜的降解。由于降解现象的存在,残膜在土壤中的量不会无限制增加,而是呈抛物线型积累。残膜在表层土壤中积累的最大量不会超过某一临界值,该值的大小由每年包衣肥料的施用量、残膜露出土表的比例及降解量、损失量决定。     

不同类型水生植物群落对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

通过将不同类型水生植物群落种植水与藻类共同培养的方式研究了4种植物群落（群落A：梭鱼草Pontederia cordata＋黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus-水罂粟Hydrocleys nymphoides;群落B：梭鱼草＋溪荪Iris sanguinea＋黄菖蒲;群落C：梭鱼草＋溪荪-大薸Pistia stratiotes;群落D：白花水龙Jussiaea repens-大薸＋水罂粟）对铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的化感作用。研究结果表明：4种植物群落种植水对铜绿微囊藻均具有较强的抑制作用,且随着群落种植时间的延长,种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用越强。4个植物群落对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次是：群落A,群落B,群落C,群落D。