新的突破 新的起点——我国环境科学研究的发展

十几年来,特别是近几年,我国环境科学研究取得了长足的进步,有些学术领域取得了突破。区域环境污染综合防治向高层次发展;环境容量和环境背景值等方面的研究取得突破;环境保护科学方法学的研究取得可喜成绩;环境污染治理技术向纵深展开。      

Outdoor air pollution exposure and the risk of asthma and wheezing in the offspring

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - According to the “fetal origin of disease” hypothesis, air pollution exposure in pregnancy may play an important role in stimulating the...     

秸杆燃烧中OCS的排放因子和排放估算

建立了痕量羰基硫采样及分析方法。利用低温预捕集和被捕集样直接释放进入分离柱技术,对压缩空气进行采样测定。得出了压缩空气中ＯＣＳ约在２．９４×１０＾－３μｇ／Ｌ,方法精确度以标准误差系数计为±０．７２％,利用此采样及分析方法对实验室规模的生物质封闭燃烧系统,稻草、玉米秸、科杆燃烧中排痕量ＯＣＳ进行了采样分析,得出稻草、玉米秸麦杆燃烧排气中ＯＣＳ的排放量,以排放因子表示分别是：１．８０ｇ／ｔ,２．７５     

生物除磷脱氮工艺技术研究

采用厌氧－缺氧－好氧工艺（简称Ａ２／Ｏ工艺）,研究除磷脱氮的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明,ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ值增大,总磷去除率提高,但当ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ＞６０时,提高缓慢;硝酸盐的存在对除磷有抑制;ＣＯＤ／ＴＫＮ＜１０时,总氮去除率随碳氮比增大而增加,大于此值几乎无影响;混合液回流比小于３时,回流比的变化对总磷总氮的去除均有影响;温度对脱氮的影响比除磷显著,小于１５℃氮去除率明显下降,而８～１０℃时仍有较好的除磷效果。     

环境成本内在化的数学模型及其对贸易与环境的影响

论述了环境成本内在化的理论依据,建立了数学模型。环境成本P等于自然资源价值P₁与人类劳动产生新价值P₂和恢复环境的价值P₃之和。总的来看,环境成本内在化有利于环境保护工作,但要防止发达国家利用＂环境＂问题反对发展中国家的发展。     

Estimates of carbon dioxide emissions based on incomplete condition information: a case study of liquefied natural gas in China

Recent calculations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions have faced challenges because data consist of only partial information, which is called “incomplete information.” According to the emission factor method, energy consumption and CO₂ emission factors with incomplete information may lead to unmatched multiplication between themselves, which affects accuracy and increases uncertainties in emission results. To address a specific case of incomplete information that has not been fully explored, we studied the effects of incomplete condition information on the estimates of CO₂ emissions from liquefied natural gas (LNG) in China. Based on Chinese LNG sampling data, we obtained the specific-country CO₂ emission factor for LNG in China and calculated the corresponding CO₂ emissions. By applying hypothesis testing, regression analysis, variance analysis, or Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the effects of incomplete information on the uncertainty of CO₂ emission calculations in three cases were analyzed. The results indicate that calorific values have more than a 9.8% impact on CO₂ emission factors and CO₂ emissions with incomplete sample information. Regarding incomplete statistical information, the impact of statistical temperature on CO₂ emissions exceeds 5.5%. Regarding incomplete sample and statistical information, sample and statistical temperatures can individually increase estimate biases by more than 5.2%. Significantly, the impacts of sample temperature and statistical temperature may offset each other. Therefore, the incomplete condition information is quite important and cannot be ignored in the estimation of CO₂ emissions from LNG and international fair comparison.

     

Potential metal-binding ability of proteins in the extracellular slime of Laccaria bicolor exposed to excessive Cu and Cd

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ectomycorrhizal fungi can enhance the tolerance of plants to heavy metal stress by reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in the aerial parts of...     

长江流域鄂西四河流大型底栖动物群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

鄂西水系是国家级水源保护区,也是湖北省重要的生态旅游区。为了解鄂西水生态健康状况,于2014年10月~2017年1月不同时段在宜昌国家可持续发展实验示范区卷桥河（J）、清江利川段（Q）、宜昌市水源地黄柏河（H）和丹江口入库河流天河郧西段（T）开展了底栖动物群落特征研究。研究表明：4个河段共采集到大型底栖动物5门8纲18目61科。基于底栖动物指示种耐污性及其丰度占比分析,表明J、Q和T三河流污染程度沿水流方向呈加重趋势,而H水体健康状况整体较好。运用FBI和SIGNAL底栖生物评价指数,显示四条河流健康程度沿水流方向均呈下降趋势,但H变化趋势平缓,结果表明H水体上下游均处于较健康状态,其他3条河流上游或源头水体健康状况良好,下游受到较重污染。对主要环境因子（TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn和TN）做主成分分析表明,轴1的解释率达到65.1%,表明轴1可以有效表征主要环境压力梯度。FBI和SIGNAL指数与轴1线性拟合度均较高,表明二者在鄂西河流水生态健康评估中可作为快速生物评价指数。     

Nonionic surfactant enhanced biodegradation of m-xylene by mixed bacteria and its application in biotrickling filter

In this study, m-xylene biodegradation was examined in bacteria-water mixed solution and biotrickling filter (BTF) systems amended with the nonionic surfactant Tween 80. The mixed bacteria were obtained from the activated sludge of a coking plant through a multisubstrate acclimatization process. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Rhodanobacter sp. was the dominant species among the mixed bacteria. In the bacteria-water mixed solution, the bacterial density increased with increasing Tween 80 concentration. Hence, Tween 80 could be utilized as substrate by the mixed bacteria. Tween 80, with concentrations of 50–100 mg L^?1, could enhance the bioavailability of m-xylene and consequently improve the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. However, further increasing the initial concentration of Tween 80 would decrease the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. At concentrations exceeding 100 mg L^?1, Tween 80 was preferentially degraded by the mixed bacteria over m-xylene. In BTF systems, when the m-xylene inlet concentration was 1200 mg m^?3 and the empty bed residence time was 20 sec, the removal efficiency and elimination capacity of BTF1 with Tween 80 addition were at most 20% and 24% higher than those of BTF2 without Tween 80 addition. Overall, the integrated application of the mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a highly effective strategy for m-xylene waste gas treatment.

Implications: The integrated application of mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of m-xylene. Surfactant can activate mixed bacteria to degrade m-xylene by increasing its bioavailability. Besides, surfactant can be utilized as carbon source by the mixed bacteria so that the growth of mixed bacteria can be promoted. It is expected that the integrated application of both technologies will become more common in future chemical industry.     

水产养殖水、沉积物中抗生素检测方法优化及残留特征研究

抗生素作为疾病预防和促进生长的药物被广泛用于水产养殖业中,不可避免地造成了周围环境抗生素的残留,从而带来各种潜在风险。为了对水产养殖水和沉积物中的抗生素残留特征进行研究,建立了环境样品中抗生素的富集方法。对沉积物中抗生素的提取溶剂、HLB小柱活化溶剂和洗脱溶剂进行了筛选,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱仪对15种抗生素进行检测分析,并检测了上海市某水产养殖区7个养殖塘2018年9、12月抗生素的残留水平。结果表明,选用乙腈/磷酸盐缓冲溶液(V∶V=1∶1)作为提取溶剂,依此用甲基叔丁基醚、甲醇和超纯水作为活化溶剂,甲醇作为洗脱溶剂时目标抗生素的回收率最高;在养殖塘水体中共检测出10种抗生素,检出浓度中间值依次为:磺胺类>甲氧苄啶>阿莫西林>氟喹诺酮类>喹乙醇>四环素类和呋喃唑酮。养殖塘沉积物中共检测出13种抗生素,检出浓度中间值依次为:氟喹诺酮类>四环素类>磺胺类>甲氧苄啶>喹乙醇>阿莫西林和呋喃唑酮;不同品种的养殖塘中抗生素的检出种类均不相同,其中青鱼塘和白水鱼塘10种、虾塘9种、扣蟹塘仅5种。对比抗生素检出浓度发现:氟喹诺酮类抗生素在鱼类养殖塘中检出浓度最高,磺胺甲恶唑仅在蟹塘检出,喹乙醇在虾塘检出浓度达3 612.85 ng·L~(-1)。9月与12月抗生素的残留水平也存在差异,抗生素在9月的平均含量比12月高。