Geosmin degradation by seasonal biofilm from a biological treatment facility

Introduction  

Initial geosmin degradation was closely related to water temperature and natural geosmin concentration of sampling environment. Here, for the first time, we evaluated the biodegradation of geosmin by microorganisms in biofilm from biological treatment unit of actual potable water treatment plant.     

Boron sorption from aqueous solution by hydrotalcite and its preliminary application in geothermal water deboronation

Hydrotalcite and its calcination product were used to treat pure water spiked with various concentrations of boron and geothermal water containing boron as a major undesirable element. The kinetics process of boron sorption by uncalcined hydrotalcite is controlled by the diffusion of boron from bulk solution to sorbent-solution boundary film and its exchange with interlayer chloride of hydrotalcite, whereas the removal rate of boron by calcined hydrotalcite rests with the restoration process of its layered structure. The results of isotherm sorption experiments reveal that calcined hydrotalcite generally has much stronger ability to lower solution boron concentration than uncalcined hydrotalcite. The combination of adsorption of boron on the residue of MgO–Al₂O₃ solid solution and intercalation of boron into the reconstructed hydrotalcite structure due to “structural memory effect” is the basic mechanism based on which the greater boron removal by calcined hydrotalcite was achieved. As 15 geothermal water samples were used to test the deboronation ability of calcined hydrotalcite at 65 °C, much lower boron removal efficiencies were observed. The competitive sorption of the other anions in geothermal water, such as HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, and F^?, is the reason why calcined hydrotalcite could not remove boron from geothermal water as effectively as from pure boron solution. However, boron removal percents ranging from 89.3 to 99.0 % could be obtained if 50 times of sorbent were added to the geothermal water samples. Calcined hydrotalcite is a good candidate for deboronation of geothermal water.     

Removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar

Purpose

Biochar derived from waste biomass is now gaining much attention for its function as a biosorbent for environmental remediation. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of biochar as a sorbent in removing Cd, Cu, and Zn from aqueous solutions.

Methods

Biochar was produced from dairy manure (DM) at two temperatures: 200°C and 350°C, referred to as DM200 and DM350, respectively. The obtained biochars were then equilibrated with 0–5 mM Cu, Zn or Cd in 0.01 M NaNO₃ solution for 10 h. The changes in solution metal concentrations after sorption were evaluated for sorption capacity using isotherm modeling and chemical speciation Visual MINTEQ modeling, while the solid was collected for species characterization using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray elemental dot mapping techniques.

Results

The isotherms of Cu, Zn, and Cd sorption by DM200 were better fitted to Langmuir model, whereas Freundlich model well described the sorption of the three metals by DM350. The DM350 were more effective in sorbing all three metals than DM200 with both biochars had the highest affinity for Cu, followed by Zn and Cd. The maximum sorption capacities of Cu, Zn, and Cd by DM200 were 48.4, 31.6, and 31.9 mg g^?1, respectively, and those of Cu, Zn, and Cd by DM350 were 54.4, 32.8, and 51.4 mg g^?1, respectively. Sorption of the metals by the biochar was mainly attributed to their precipitation with PO ₄ ^3? or CO ₃ ^2? originating in biochar, with less to the surface complexation through –OH groups or delocalized π electrons. At the initial metal concentration of 5 mM, 80–100 % of Cu, Zn, and Cd retention by DM200 resulted from the precipitation, with less than 20 % from surface adsorption through phenonic –OH complexation. Among the precipitation, 20–30 % of the precipitation occurred as metal phosphate and 70–80 % as metal carbonate. For DM350, 75–100 % of Cu, Zn, and Cd retention were due to the precipitation, with less than 25 % to surface adsorption through complexation of heavy metal by phenonic –OH site or delocalized π electrons. Among the precipitation, only less than 10 % of the precipitation was present as metal phosphate and more than 90 % as metal carbonate.

Conclusions

Results indicated that dairy manure waste can be converted into value-added biochar as a sorbent for sorption of heavy metals, and the mineral components originated in the biochar play an important role in the biochar's high sorption capacity.     

Comparative and competitive adsorption of Cr(VI), As(III), and Ni(II) onto coconut charcoal

This study evaluates the behavior of coconut charcoal (AC) to adsorb Cr(VI), As(III), and Ni(II) in mono- and multicomponent (binary and ternary) systems. Batch experiments were carried out for mono- and multicomponent systems with varying metal ion concentrations to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics. The adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order equation in both single and binary systems, indicating chemical sorption as the rate-limiting step of adsorption mechanism. Equilibrium studies showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI), As(III), and Ni(II) followed the Langmuir model and maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 5.257, 0.042, and 1.748 mg/g, respectively. In multicomponent system, As(III) and Ni(II) adsorption competed intensely, while Cr(VI) adsorption was much less affected by competition than As(III) and Ni(II). With the presence of Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of As(III) and Ni(II) on AC were higher than those in single system and the metal sorption followed the order of Ni(II)?>?As(III)?>?Cr(VI). The results from the sequential adsorption–desorption cycles showed that AC adsorbent held good desorption and reusability.     

杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力及来源解析

通过酸缓冲能力的测定实验,研究杭州市主城区大气颗粒物的酸缓冲能力,并利用二重源解析技术,解析了大气颗粒物中碱性组分的来源.结果表明,杭州市主城区大气颗粒物呈弱碱性,对降水酸度有一定的缓冲作用,但作用较小.总体而言,TSP与PM10的酸缓冲能力与其浓度呈负相关,但相关关系不明显,TSP的酸缓冲能力比PM10强.Ca是影响大气颗粒物酸缓冲能力的关键化学组分.TSP的酸缓冲能力主要来自建筑水泥尘.     

紫外光促进盐酸聚苯胺催化H_2O_2氧化处理罗丹明B废水

以苯胺和过硫酸铵为主要原料合成了盐酸聚苯胺（HClPANI）催化剂,并通过FTIR、XRD、SEM和EDS对催化剂进行了表征。研究了在紫外光照下、HClPANI催化H2O2氧化处理罗丹明B染料废水工艺参数,探讨了各种因素对废水脱色效果的影响,并对催化氧化机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,催化剂HClPANI对催化H2O2氧化处理罗丹明B具有较好的催化活性、稳定性和重复使用性能。UV-H2O2-HClPANI体系产生了明显的协同效应,在pH=3、200 mg/L的罗丹明B废水中,30%H2O2用量为1.2 mL/L、HClPANI用量1 g/L、反应温度25℃、紫外灯功率500 W、光照70 min,罗丹明B脱色率达到了98.2%。     

八羟基喹啉改性膨润土预处理养殖废水

以八羟基喹啉为改性剂,天然膨润土为原料,制备一种新型吸附剂,并将其应用于养殖废水的预处理中。确定了改性膨润土的最佳制备条件:土液比为4 g/L,改性剂浓度为0.3 g/L,改性时间为50 min,改性温度为50℃。并以扫描电镜方法对改性膨润土行进表征:八羟基喹啉已经有效进入层间,改变了膨润土的性状,提高了吸附效果。优化了改性膨润土处理养殖废水的工艺条件:投土量为1 g/L,pH为4,搅拌时间为30 min,搅拌速度为350 r/min,沉淀时间为40 min。在此优化条件下,改性膨润土对养殖废水的COD去除率最高可达79.18%,且吸附动力学结果满足二级动力学模型。     

一种新型微生物菌剂处理生活污水

利用从食材中筛选纯化的特定微生物制成复合菌剂,在自然、厌氧和曝气3种不同的供氧条件下,添加不同比例的菌剂处理生活污水,以COD和氨氮浓度为参考指标,考察菌剂对污水的净化效果,并分析其原因。结果表明:(1)菌剂投加量在0.5‰～1‰时对污水中COD的去除具有明显促进作用,自然、厌氧和曝气3种条件下,COD去除率最大分别提高了8.77%、11.22%和11.11%;(2)氨氮的去除效果受反应条件影响很大,厌氧条件下菌剂对污水中氨氮的去除作用不明显,自然和曝气条件下,菌剂对氨氮去除效果显著,去除率增幅最高分别达到22.6%和52.28%;(3)以0.5‰的菌剂投加量曝气处理2 d,COD和氨氮的去除率可以分别提高11.11%和14.13%,初步研究显示,该菌剂对生活污水具有较好的净化效果。     

Mg/Al/Fe型类水滑石焙烧产物吸附去除水中硫酸根离子

通过共沉淀法制备了Mg/AUFe型类水滑石(MgAlFe-HTLCs)并在500℃下焙烧得焙烧产物(HTLCs-500),利用HTLCs-500吸附去除水中的硫酸根离子,并用X射线衍射对MgAlFe-HTLCs及HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子前后的结构进行了表征,研究了环境中其他因素对HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子的影响.结果表明,实验数据对准二级动力学模型的拟合结果最好;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,通过实验得到HTLCs-500对硫酸根离子的最大吸附量为157.73 mg/g,和Langmuir等温线得到的理论最大吸附量161.29 mg/g相差不大,对硫酸根离子具有良好的吸附性能;硫酸根溶液的初始pH值对HTLCs-500吸附硫酸根离子的性能影响不大,最佳pH值为3;X射线衍射结果表明,HTLCs-500吸附去除硫酸根离子的机理之一为HTLCs-500通过吸附硫酸根离子来恢复层状结构.