VUV/HPW/BMMs体系对全氟辛酸（PFOA）的脱氟研究

采用真空紫外灯(VUV)和双模型介孔材料(BMMs)负载磷钨酸(HPW)催化剂构建光催化体系,探究该体系对水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)的脱氟效果.研究了PFOA初始浓度、HPW/BMMs投加量、初始p H值对体系脱氟的影响,并采用响应曲面法(Response Surface Method,RSM)分析了最佳边界反应条件.结果表明,体系对PFOA具有明显的脱氟效果:脱氟效率随PFOA初始浓度的增大而减小;催化剂投加量为0.2 g·L~(-1),脱氟效率最高达50.2%;体系p H为3~4时,体系脱氟效果显著.基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,各影响因子对脱氟效率的显著性排序为:p HPFOA初始浓度HPW/BMMs投加量.p H值与HPW/BMMs投加量及初始PFOA浓度交互作用显著,模型回归性良好,最佳运行条件为:p H=3.82,HPW/BMMs投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),PFOA初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),反应4 h的脱氟率达到52.6%,与预测值相比偏差为1.2%.本研究为高效降解全氟化合物提供了新思路.     

Improved activity and durability of Rh-based three-way catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres by ZrO2 support

The catalytic activity and durability of Rh/ZrO_2 catalyst were investigated compared with Rh/Al_2O_3 catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres, including lean, rich and lean–rich cyclic aging atmospheres, to simulate the real working conditions of three-way catalyst.Oxidation states and microstructures of rhodium species were investigated to correlate with the catalytic performance of the catalysts. The catalytic performance and durability of the Rh catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres were drastically enhanced by ZrO_2 support. ZrO_2 support was confirmed to be able to effectively inhibit rhodium sintering even under diverse aging conditions. It can also successfully keep Rh species in an active low-valence state on the surface of the catalyst. The superiority of ZrO_2 support compared to Al_2O_3 was verified by the Rh-based monolith catalyst.     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric submicron particles on the western coast of Taiwan Strait, China

Taiwan Strait is a special channel for subtropical East Asian Monsoon and its western coast is an important economic zone in China. In this study, a suburban site in the city of Xiamen on the western coast of Taiwan Strait was selected for fine aerosol study to improve the understanding of air pollution sources in this region. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-To F-AMS) and an Aethalometer were deployed to measure fine aerosol composition with a time resolution of 5 min from May 1to 18, 2015. The average mass concentration of PM1 was 46.2 ± 26.3 μg/m~3 for the entire campaign. Organics(28.3%), sulfate(24.9%), and nitrate(20.6%) were the major components in the fine particles, followed by ammonium, black carbon(BC), and chloride. Evolution of nitrate concentration and size distribution indicated that local NOx emissions played a key role in high fine particle pollution in Xiamen. In addition, organic nitrate was found to account for 9.0%–13.8% of the total measured nitrate. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)conducted with high-resolution organic mass spectra dataset differentiated the organic aerosol into three components, including a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA) and two oxygenated organic aerosols(SV-OOA and LV-OOA), which on average accounted for 27.6%,28.8%, and 43.6% of the total organic mass, respectively. The relationship between the mass concentration of submicron particle species and wind further confirmed that all major fine particle species were influenced by both strong local emissions in the southeastern area of Xiamen and regional transport through the Taiwan Strait.     

废旧锂电池中有价金属的回收技术研究

锂电池以其优异的性能得到了广泛的应用,其废弃量也在逐步增加.如果不对其进行有效的处理回收,不仅给环境保护带来巨大的压力,而且也会造成钴、锂、镍和锰等有价金属的极大浪费.综述了国内外对废旧锂电池回收技术的研究现状,比较了不同回收途径的优缺点,讨论了回收技术的发展方向,着重介绍了共沉淀法在废旧锂电池有价金属回收中的应用.此外,随着锂离子电池生产技术的发展,新的电极材料将会出现并取代过渡金属氧化物,同时也需要相应的电解液与之匹配,这将向废旧锂电池回收技术提出了新的要求.     

津北大气干湿沉降重金属元素通量与评价研究

大气干湿沉降是有害物质进入土壤的一种重要途径,是影响农田生态系统安全的重要因素.天津市北部的蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属元素具有以下特征:(1)大气干湿沉降重金属元素年沉降通量从大到小依次为Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>As>Cd>Hg,Zn、Pb是大气干湿沉降重金属元素中最主要的元素,山区年沉降通量小于平原区,表明山区空气环境质量相对于平原区好,与天津城区、北京平原区、全国相比,津北蓟州区大气干湿沉降重金属各元素年沉降通量均相对较低;(2)大气干湿沉降物输入浓度中,Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg显著高于蓟州区土壤含量平均值,尤其是Cd,表明大气干湿沉降可能是土壤中Cd的重要来源;(3)根据大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学评价结果,大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学单指标和综合指标评价结果均为一等,表明该地区大气环境质量很好.     

PAHs pass through the cell wall and partition into organelles of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of ryegrass

The subcellular process and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arbuscular mycorrhizal plants remains to be elucidated. This work used a greenhouse experiment to show that, accompanied by the apoplastic and symplastic water movement through the root, acenaphthene (ACE) as a representative PAH passed through the cell-wall boundary, dissolved in the cell solution, and partition organelles in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The observed concentrations of ACE in organelles were 0.6 to 4.4 times higher than in the cell walls. The cell wall and organelles were the dominant storage domains for ACE in the root, and the distribution of ACE in cells of mycorrhizal ryegrass roots was, in descending order, cell organelles (40.8-70.8%) > cell wall (19.7-3.8%) cell solution (9.6-20.5%).     

Ecology of hemiepiphytism in fig species is based on evolutionary correlation of hydraulics and carbon economy

Woody hemiepiphytic species (Hs) are important components of tropical rain forests, and they have been hypothesized to differ from non-hemiepiphytic tree species (NHs) in adaptations relating to water relations and carbon economy; but few studies have been conducted comparing ecophysiological traits between the two growth forms especially in an evolutionary context. Using common-garden plants of the genus Ficus, functional traits related to plant hydraulics and carbon economy were compared for seven NHs and seven Hs in their adult terrestrial "tree-like" growth phase. We used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test the hypothesis that differences in water availability selected for contrasting suites of traits in Hs and NHs, driving evolutionary correlations among functional traits including hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic traits. Species of the two growth forms differed in functional traits; Hs had substantially lower xylem hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance, and higher instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency. Leaf morphological and structural traits also differed strikingly between the two growth forms. The Hs had significantly smaller leaves, higher leaf mass per area (LMA), and smaller xylem vessel lumen diameters. Across all the species, hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with leaf gas exchange indicating high degrees of hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. More importantly, these correlations were supported by correlations implemented on phylogenetic independent contrasts, suggesting that most trait correlations arose through repeated convergent evolution rather than as a result of chance events in the deep nodes of the lineage. Vatiation in xylem hydraulic conductivity was also centrally associated with a suite of other functional traits related to carbon economy and growth, such as LMA, water use efficiency, leaf nutrient concentration, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency, indicating important physiological constraints or trade-offs among functional traits. Shifts in this trait cluster apparently related to the adaptation to drought-prone canopy growth during the early life cycle of Hs and clearly affected ecophysiology of the later terrestrial stage of these species. Evolutionary flexibility in hydraulics and associated traits might be one basis for the hyper-diversification of Ficus species in tropical rain forests.     

任务驱动式教学在高职《环境法学》课程中的应用

在任务驱动教学法下,在自主学习中提出问题、解决问题是重点,进行学习效果评价、形成反馈信息是总结提高阶段,每一个环节都必须统筹安排,合理兼顾。《环境法学》课程教学活动中合理采用任务驱动教学法,不仅充分体现了以学生为主体、老师为主导的现代教育思想,而且极大地调动了学生的积极性和创造性,也为提高学生的实践能力和创新能力营造了良好的氛围。     

Fractionation and ecological risk of metals in urban river sediments in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta

Surface sediments collected from nine urban rivers located in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta, were analyzed for total concentration of metals with digestion and chemical fractionation adopting the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that concentration and fractionation of metals varied significantly among the rivers. The total concentration of eight metals in most rivers did not exceed the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soil, Grade III. The potential ecological risk of metals to rivers were related to the land use patterns, in the order of manufacturing areas > residential areas > agriculture areas. The concentration of Pb in the reducible fraction was relatively high (60.0-84.3%). The dominant proportions of Cd, Zn and Cu were primary in the non-residual fraction (67.0%, 71.8% and 81.4% on average respectively), while the percentages of the residual fractions of Cr and Ni varied over a wide range (43-85% and 24-71% respectively). The approaches of the H?kanson ecological risk index and Secondary Phase Enrichment Factor were applied for ecological risk assessment and metal enrichment calculation. The results indicated Hg and Cd had posed high potential ecological risk to urban rivers in this region. Meanwhile, there was widespread pollution and high enrichment of Cu in river sediments in this region. Multiple regression analysis showed that five water quality parameters (pH, DO, COD(Mn), NH(4)(+)-N, TP) had little influence on the distribution of metal fractionation. This result revealed that the ecological risk of metals was not eliminated along with the improvement in water quality. Correlation studies showed that among the metals, Group A (Cd, As, Pb, Zn Hg, r = 0.730-0.924) and Group B (Cr, Cu, Ni, r = 0.815-0.948) were obtained, and the metal contaminations were from industrial activities rather than residential.     

正压式消防空气呼吸器佩戴系统人体工学设计

本文主要阐述了正压式消防空气呼吸器佩戴系统的设计,从人体工学角度讨论如何确保长时间佩戴使用时的舒适性和安全性。