大气汞氧化还原过程与机制的计算化学研究进展

大气中汞的氧化还原反应对于其全球生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的作用,它促进了汞在全球范围内的扩散.汞主要以气态元素汞的形态释放到大气中,并经历复杂的均相和非均相化学反应,被氧化为活性气态汞和颗粒态汞;同时,活性气态汞也可经过光致还原反应光解生成气态元素汞.计算化学是一种基于理论方法利用计算软件来对化学现象和本质进行解释...     

空心莲子草入侵对土壤AM真菌生物量和群落结构的影响——以湖北省典型区域为例

土壤丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌具有维持植被稳定性和多样性的重要作用.为了解空心莲子草入侵过程中与AM真菌的相互作用,采用脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)和基于18S rDNA的PCR-DGGE方法对湖北咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵前后土壤AM真菌的生物量和群落结构进行了比较分析.结果发现,基于FAMEs表征的AM真菌生物量在空心莲子草入侵后变化不大,仅仙桃地区显著增加(P<0.05).尽管DGGE图谱显示咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地AM真菌优势类群的群落结构均发生了明显演替,但群落间物种组成差异的多样性指数βWH在2.55-2.73之间、群落多样性指数H′在1.22-1.38之间,变化均不大.结果表明,空心莲子草入侵所形成的植物更替明显改变了AM真菌优势类群的结构,但对AM真菌的生物量和多样性影响很小.     

石油污染物的微生物降解研究

以炼油厂污水池底泥中分离的3株细菌和3株真菌为供试微生物,陕北黄土(0～20 cm)制备的土壤悬浮液为土壤微生物对照,灭菌培养基为非生物降解对照,研究不同组合微生物的生长动态及对石油烃的降解率.将不同组合的微生物接种到石油烃质量浓度为10000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,29 ℃±1 ℃,摇床连续培养50 d.于0 ～72 h内取样,进行微生物生长动态检测;于5～50 d定期取样,考察培养基中石油烃降解率的动态变化.结果表明:单独外源菌降解效果优于混合外源菌和土著微生物,25 d后土著微生物生物降解率超过混合外源菌.外源细菌、外源真菌、混合外源菌和土著微生物50 d生物降解率分别为71.54 %,60.13 %,47.26 %和51.49 %.土壤细菌对石油污染物具有较强的生长适应性,外源细菌降解效果最好.     

Assessing self-organization of plant communities—A thermodynamic approach

Thermodynamics is a powerful tool for the study of system development and has the potential to be applied to studies of ecological complexity. Here, we develop a set of thermodynamic indicators including energy capture and energy dissipation to quantify plant community self-organization. The study ecosystems included a tropical seasonal rainforest, an artificial tropical rainforest, a rubber plantation, and two Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson communities aged 13 years and 1 year. The communities represent a complexity transect from primary vegetation, to transitional community, economic plantation, and fallows and are typical for Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. The indicators of ecosystem self-organization are sensitive to plant community type and seasonality, and demonstrate that the tropical seasonal rainforest is highly self-organized and plays an important role in local environmental stability via the land surface thermal regulation. The rubber plantation is at a very low level of self-organization as quantified by the thermodynamic indicators, especially during the dry season. The expansion of the area of rubber plantation and shrinkage of tropical seasonal rainforest would likely induce local surface warming and a larger daily temperature range.     

石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性影响

深入研究生物质热解有助于热解机理的理解,利用热重分析来探讨石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性的影响。结果表明:预处理使木质素和半纤维素含量增加,而干发酵使VS、半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;预处理和干发酵改变稻草热解特性,但未改变稻草的热反应机理;热解一级动力学方程很好模拟稻草热解的主失重阶段,稻草热解活化能数值为42.3～47.8 kJ/mol,属于正常范围;预处理降低反应活化能,而干发酵增加反应活化能。这为秸秆及其干发酵残渣的气化提供了重要的设计依据。     

Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China

One hundred and eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Tianjin area to study the contamination of DDT and its metabolites. Measurements were taken for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT for all samples. The results indicated that p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were the predominant contaminant compounds in the surface soil samples, with mean concentrations of 27.5 and 18.8 ng g(-1) respectively. No significant differences in DDT concentrations were found between the soils from wastewater treated irrigated areas and other areas, suggesting that wastewater irrigation is not an important source of DDT in the area. However, the spatial distribution of soil DDTs levels in the area did correlate well with early direct application rates of pesticides. In addition, both pH level and organic carbon content are also known factors affecting the level of DDT and its metabolites. Although it was assumed that the use of these chemicals was banned in the early 1980s, the current concentration levels appear to be too high to be mere residuals after 20 years degradation.     

新乡市城市污水对泥鳅的生理毒性与遗传毒性研究

采用鱼体外周血细胞微核技术研究新乡市城市污水对泥鳅的遗传毒性,实验各组(A组、B组、C组、D组)中微核率明显高于对照组(P<0.01).以黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测泥鳅肝组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活力变化,以赖氏法检测肝组织和血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)酶活力变化,研究该污水对泥鳅的生理毒性.结果表明,实验各组肝组织中SOD、GOT和GPT酶活力均低于对照组.且随城市污水浓度升高而减小;血清中的SOD、GOT和GPT酶活力均高于对照组,且随城市污水浓度升高而增强.由此可知,直接排放的城市污水对泥鳅有显著的遗传毒性与生理毒性,水样中有致突变酶活力物质存在.     

Organo-chlorine pesticide (DDT and HCH) residues in the Taihu Lake Region and its movement in soil-water system I. Field survey of DDT and HCH residues in ecosystem of the region

The use of organo-chlorine (DDT and HCH) has been banned in China for 20 years. A field survey was carried out during 1999-2000 in the Taihu Lake Region. Organo-chlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in soil, water, fish and sediment samples were investigated. DDT was detected in 5 out of 10 samples with concentration ranging from 0.3 to 5.3 microg/kg in the surface (0-15 cm) layer, 6 out of 10 with 0.5 to 4.0 microg/kg in the subsoil layer (16-30 cm), and 4 of 10 with 0 to 2.7 microg/ kg in the deep soil layer (31-50 cm). Results for HCH residues in soil samples were similar to those of DDT. These results indicate that OCP residues in 0-50 cm profile had been leached out or degraded to safe level. In river water DDT was detected in 10 out of 13 samples ranging from 0.2 to 9.3 microg/l, with an average of 1.0 microg/l. While HCH was detected in 12 out of 13 samples ranging from 0.02 to 36.1 microg/l, with an average 5.6 microg/l. DDT residues in sediment ranged from 0.1 to 8.8 microg/kg, while HCH ranged from 0.3 to 66.5 microg/kg. DDT residues in fish body ranged from 3.7 to 23.5 microg/kg and HCH ranged from 3.7 to 132 microg/kg. These results demonstrate an accumulation through food chain (from soil-water-sediment-microbes-crop-fish-... etc.), also that HCH residues are generally more persistent than DDT residues. However, all these data are well below than the state warning standard limit.     

Assessment of the bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils by chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis

The bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in soils was evaluated, based on the combination of chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis. REEs in soils were partitioned by a sequential extraction procedure into water soluble (F(ws)), exchangeable (F(ec)), bound to carbonates (F(cb)), bound to organic matter (F(om)), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (F(fm)) and residual (F(rd)) fractions. Alfalfa (Medicago Staiva Linn.) had been grown on the soils in a pot-culture experiment under greenhouse conditions for 35 days. The concentrations of REEs in fractions and plant were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chemical fractionation showed that (F(ws)) fraction of REEs was less than 0.1% and residual (F(rd)) was the dominant form, more than 60% in soils. Bioaccumulation of REEs was observed in Alfalfa. REE availability to the plant was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. F(ws), F(ec), F(cb) and F(om) fractions were significantly correlated with REE uptake by alfalfa. But the exchangeable Pr(F(ec)) was significantly correlated with Pr concentration in alfalfa. F(ec), F(cb) and F(om) greatly contributed to La and Nd bioavailability; F(ec) and F(om) to Ce, Gd and Dy; F(ec) and F(cb) to Yb; and F(ws), F(ec) and F(om) to total REEs. This meant that the bioavailability of different species of REEs varied with individual REE. The results of this study indicated that the sequential extraction procedure, in conjunction with multiple regression analysis, may be useful for the prediction of plant uptake of REEs from soils.     

冬季低温条件下浮床植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

在冬季低温条件下,采用浮床无土栽培技术,研究了水芹菜、多花黑麦草以及大蒜3种耐寒植物对富营养化水体的净化效果。试验结果表明,3种植物在水温4.0～10．1℃的条件下均生长良好,对水体中TN、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn污染物的去除率分别为59.3％～29.2％、65、2％～39.3％、55.6％～33.9％,55．7％～49．5％．对藻类的抑制率为88．4%～92．3％。通过比较,水芹菜净化能力最强,多花黑麦草次之,大蒜最弱。本项研究丰富了冬季低温条件下治理富营养化水体的方法．也为冬季浮床植物的选择提供了依据。