低浓度SO2长期暴露下菜豆的生长发育和气孔反应

本研究采用连续搅拌槽反应器系统(CSTR)对菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)进行低浓度SO_2长期暴露试验.结果表明,SO_2在植物可见伤害阈值以下抑制了莱豆生长,叶片气孔阻力随SO_2浓度的增加而增加.植物一旦脱离SO_2污染的环境,气孔就恢复到正常水平.切除子叶的菜豆生长明显受抑,但对SO_2敏感性和留子叶菜豆相同.     

西藏的环境氟水平与砖茶型氟中毒

为探讨西藏儿童与砖茶型氟中毒的关系,以拉萨为中点,藏北那曲为北部点,定日县为南部点,对这3个地区的土壤、燃料、水源和主要食物进行了氟含量测定.采用世界卫生组织(WHO)和世界粮农组织(FAO)提出的<化学污染物的膳食摄入量研究指南>,进行了食物结构、饮茶习惯、儿童食物摄入量以及儿童每日总摄氟量的调查按美国国家牙科研究所Horowitz提出的标准进行了儿童氟斑牙检查.结果表明,3个调查点均属传统的低氟区,而儿童每日摄氟量高,那曲8.03mg,拉萨6.93mg,定日7.68mg.其原因来自含砖茶的食品酥油茶和糌粑(青稞粉拌砖茶水的食物).这2种食物占日总摄氟量的99.74%(那曲),98.70%(拉萨),99.60%(定日),砖茶氟摄入导致西藏儿童砖茶型氟中毒的流行.氟斑牙患病率分别达到82.66%(那曲),52.89%(拉萨),75.93%(定日),氟斑牙指数表明,那曲、定日属氟中毒重度流行区,拉萨属中度流行区.砖茶型氟中毒是我国近年来发现的氟病新类型,与饮水型、燃煤污染型比较,它具有覆盖面大、隐蔽性强、难以防治的特点,降低砖茶氟含量可能是防治砖茶型氟中毒的最好方式.     

Enhanced ozonation degradation of atrazine in the presence of nano-ZnO: Performance, kinetics and effects

Enhanced ozonation degradation of atrazine (ATZ) with nano-ZnO (nZnO) as catalyst and the influences of the operational parameters have been investigated through semi-continuous experiments in this study. The results demonstrated that the combination of ozone (O₃) and nZnO showed an obvious synergetic effect and the ATZ degradation conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics. An improvement of ATZ degradation efficiency by 41.8% and pseudo-first-order rate constant by more than a factor of four was obtained in the O₃/nZnO process after 5 min of reaction compared to O₃ alone. Meanwhile, the degradation efficiency of ATZ was gradually enhanced with increasing nZnO dosage and initial pH in the range from 3.0 to 8.0, and a higher amount of ATZ was degraded when the initial concentration of ATZ rose from 0.5 to 5 mg/L. Additionally, sulfate ion, chloride ion, nitrate ion and low concentrations of humic acid substances led to enhancement of the ATZ degradation. The notable decrease of ATZ removal efficiency observed in the presence of radical scavengers and the results of free radical tests indicated that OH is the dominant active radical species. The mechanism investigation demonstrated that the enhancement effect could be attributed to the introduction of nZnO, which could promote the utilization of O₃, enhance the formation of superoxide radical, and further accelerate the production of hydrogen peroxide and the generation of OH/O₂-.     

变频脉冲电磁装置在电厂循环水处理中的应用

变频脉冲电磁装置是物理水处理技术的最新一代产品,它不仅从根本上解决了防垢、除垢难题,而且在杀菌、灭藻、除锈和防腐蚀方面也具有较好的处理效果。     

硫化钠对土壤中铅镉的固定效果简

研究了硫化钠用于固定土壤中铅镉的可行性,考察了硫化钠用量及土壤pH、有机质对固定过程中土壤铅、镉赋存形态及固定效果的影响。结果表明,添加硫化钠可改变土壤中铅镉的形态分布,明显降低可交换态铅镉的含量。条件适当时,铅镉可交换态下降值分别为63%和73%。硫化钠在固定铅的过程中,固定效率对土壤pH、有机质含量的变化较为敏感,在有机质含量较低或酸性土壤中,硫化钠对铅固定效率较高;相对于铅,有机质含量和pH变化对镉的固定效率影响不是很大。     

斜发沸石处理氨氮废水

以斜发沸石为吸附剂处理氨氮废水,研究了斜发沸石粒径、反应时间、废水pH、废水氨氮初始浓度、斜发沸石用量对吸附的影响,分析了斜发沸石的吸附动力学和热力学特征。结果表明,在298 K下,当斜发沸石用量为7 g/100 mL,沸石粒径小于74μm,废水氨氮初始浓度为200 mg/L,pH为7,吸附时间为3 h时,废水中氨氮的去除率可达到92.71%,斜发沸石吸附氨氮符合拟二级动力学方程。在温度为298~318 K之间时,吸附等温线更好地符合Freundlich方程。在此基础上,热力学计算发现,ΔH00、ΔG00、ΔS00,表明氨氮在斜发沸石上的吸附是自发吸热过程,以物理吸附为主。     

格宾护岸填料类型对河道自净能力的影响

选择花岗岩块石、卵石和废建筑砌块3种材料作为格宾填料,研究不同填料在模拟河道中对河水水质净化效果的影响。结果表明,随着实验装置运行时间的延长,各填料对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除能力均有不同程度的提高;3种填料中,卵石相较于其他2种填料对NH3-N、TOC和DOC的去除能力保持在较高的水平,运行26 d后分别达65.26%、71.06%和78.06%;3种填料在实验装置运行初期对TP都有较好的去除效果,运行12 d后,花岗岩块石、卵石、废建筑砌块对TP的去除率分别达89.20%、91.05%和94.71%;卵石表面附着的微生物脂磷含量及脱氢酶活性分别为53.43 nmol P/cm3、10.67μg TF/(h.cm3),均显著高于其他2种填料(p<0.05),其表面较高的微生物量及酶活性有利于对氮素及有机物的去除。     

火焰原子吸收法间接测定环境水中的硫化物

利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法间接测定水中硫化物,方法适用于环境水中硫化物的测定.用改进后的装置进行预处理,样品中加入10ml磷酸,用氮气作载气将生成的硫化氢吹出,载气流量50ml/min,吹气40min.用pH4.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲介质中的Cu(Ⅱ)作吸收液,并加入95％的乙醇作气泡分散剂.测定吸收液水相中剩余的Cu(Ⅱ),以达到间接测定硫化物的目的.方法相对标准偏差为1.6％～3.4％,检测下限0.02mg/L.     

Coastal wetland loss and environmental change due to rapid urban expansion in Lianyungang,Jiangsu, China

To address the growing need for developable land, many coastal cities are draining and filling wetlands, transforming them into urban built-up areas, and thereby substantially altering the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. We demonstrate an integrative approach for investigating the dynamics and impacts of coastal development in China’s Jiangsu Province, where urban expansion has resulted in extensive wetland losses and sea reclamation (the process of creating new land from ocean or coastal waters). Remotely sensed data reveal that landscape change in the study area has been accompanied by an increase in total impervious surface area and an increase in mean surface “heat island effect.” These indicators of change can be detected with remote sensing data and used to support a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for urban coastal planning. Changes detected in Lianyungang during 2000–2006 suggest that reclaimed areas are environmentally sensitive and should be a focus of concern in future development planning, which has historically targeted coastal salt pond wetlands for conversion to land for the development. Given the current and projected rate of coastal development in China and elsewhere in the developing world, our findings and assessment approach have implications for coastal management decisions in the developing coastal zones of China and other regions of the world that are experiencing rapid urban growth.     

城市垃圾厌氧干发酵非甲烷菌群分布变化研究

为研究非甲烷菌的菌群分布随时间、空间变化对厌氧干发酵的影响,以城市垃圾为原料进行分析,同时测定pH值。结果表明,启动阶段好氧及兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌,其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌,7 d达最大值2.95×109MPN/mL,是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群,而氨化菌在15 d达最大值1.93×108MPN/mL。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖并保持稳定,且仍是产酸菌占优势,15 d达最大值1.55×1010MPN/mL。厌氧纤维素降解菌增殖较慢,发酵30 d不足105MPN/mL,说明原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。空间方面,好氧及兼性厌氧产酸菌在顶部中心最活跃,最大值是底部中心的1.4倍;厌氧产酸菌集中在底部,最大值是顶部的1.2倍。好氧氨化菌在中部中心增殖最多,厌氧氨化菌在中部边缘达最大值1.95×108MPN/mL。纤维素降解菌在底部开始增殖。研究为提高干发酵反应效率和合理设计干发酵反应器提供有效参考数据。