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41.
Margarida Cardoso da Silva António Carmona Rodrigues 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2004,10(1):13-24
The need for a better management of estuaries requires an environmental characterization following a methodology that allows
the comparison of distinct estuarine systems and the assessment of their evolution. The peculiar characteristics of estuaries,
in particular their intrinsic variability, make this characterization difficult and there is no commonly accepted general
methodology available. The approach followed in freshwater ecosystems is generally based on the concept of environmental indicators,
but such a concept has not been developed for estuaries. Indeed, a different approach is needed here, due to the spatial heterogeneity
and the different time scales associated with the processes that control water quality.
This paper presents a proposal for a methodology that starts with observed values and uses a procedure to integrate these
values in time and space in order to calculatesignificant values, upon whichnormalized indicators are built which take into account criteria based either on legal, scientific or heuristic concentration limits. A normalization
is carried out in two steps: (1) application of a mathematical operator to theignificant values, (2) transformation using the concept ofpenalty curves. This methodology may be complemented with the definition ofquality classes, particularly appealing and useful, as tools to communicate with decision makers and the public in general.
Water quality data pertaining to the Tejo estuary are used to test the methodology. 相似文献
42.
Thaís Pacheco Kasecker Mario Barroso Ramos-Neto Jose Maria Cardoso da Silva Fabio Rubio Scarano 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(6):981-993
We developed an indicator that defines priority municipalities in order to facilitate the deployment of preventive policies and strategies for ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change (EbA) in Brazilian municipalities. Based on the premises that poor people are the population most vulnerable to climate change and that conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems are adaptive to climate change, our indicator uses three parameters: (1) poverty, (2) proportion of natural-vegetation cover, and (3) exposure to climate change. Thus, we searched for Brazilian municipalities that simultaneously belonged to the quartile of municipalities with the highest percentage of poverty, the quartile with the highest percentage of natural-vegetation cover, and the quartile with the highest exposure indices in two global climate models (Eta-HadGEM, Eta-Miroc). We found 398 (7.1%) EbA hotspots among 5565 Brazilian municipalities, which comprise 36% of the total area of native remnants in the country and are home to 22% of the poor people in Brazil. In their majority, these municipalities cover significant portions of the Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic forest, and indeed, these regions are recognised as some of the most vulnerable to climate change in the world. Considering the relevance of these biomes for the global water and nutrient cycle (Amazon), global food security (Cerrado), vulnerability to desertification (Caatinga), and biodiversity (all) we discuss the adaptive strategies in place, the need to bring them to scale, and existing policy gaps. Finally, in an effort to guide international and national investment and policies, we discuss how the approach described here can be applied to societies inhabiting tropical forests, savannas, and semiarid zones in other parts of the world. In particular, we propose that the indicator developed here is a simple and fast way to achieve early detection of priority municipalities for deployment of EbA action and policies, particularly in tropical developing countries. 相似文献
43.
Sílvia?C.?Gon?alvesEmail author Miguel?A.?Pardal Patrícia?G.?Cardoso Susana?M.?Ferreira Jo?o?C.?Marques 《Marine Biology》2005,147(3):631-641
The biology, population dynamics, and production of Tylos europaeus were studied in two sandy beaches of the western coast of Portugal. At both sites, reproduction occurred seasonally, from April to July, with only one new cohort produced per year. Regarding population dynamics, cohort-splitting events were detected in males at the beginning of the reproduction period (April/May), resulting in two groups with distinct growth rates (fast-growing vs slow-growing males). Different biological characteristics were consequently detected in these two groups, namely regarding body size, lifespan, and contribution to the reproductive effort. Lifespan was estimated as approximately 3 years, for females and fast-growing males, and 4 years for slow-growing males. Cohort-splitting among males appeared as a possible strategy to cope with the highly male-biased sex ratios observed, which could lead to a strong male-male competition for mating. T. europaeus appeared as an annual species, with a univoltine life-cycle (one generation per year), and iteroparous females reproducing twice during their lifespan. Average growth production (P) was estimated at 0.082 g.m–2.yr–1 AFDW (ash-free dry weight) and the average annual biomass () (standing stock) at 0.052 g.m–2, resulting in a P/ ratio of 1.58. These results produced baseline information for the construction of a population-dynamics model and highlighted the potential of this species as an environmental quality-assessment bioindicator on sandy shores.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff 相似文献
44.
Barred plumage is common among bird species. It is often interpreted as a form of crypsis because pigmentation patterns are
less detectable against heterogeneous backgrounds. However, it has also been suggested that barred plumage could signal plumage
condition, because it makes irregularities in the plumage perceptually salient. Little empirical work exists on the function
of barred plumage, in part because we lack a way for quantifying the regularity of the pattern. Here, we present a method
to analyze digital photographs of barred plumage and quantify the regularity of its pattern, and also provide software to
perform the analysis. Using museum skins of five avian species, we tested under which conditions the method reliably captures
differences among conspecific males in the regularity of their barred pattern. We found that measurements of regularity were
highly repeatable when lighting conditions were standardized, unlike under variable illumination, and a relatively large area
of barred plumage was analyzed, rather than small and non-representative subsections of plumage. The range of conditions under
which the method performs well makes it adequate for use in the field, and we hope that it fosters research on the function
of barred plumage as a communication signal. 相似文献
45.
46.
David G. McGrath Alcilene Cardoso Oriana T. Almeida Juarez Pezzuti 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(5):677-695
A regional experiment in co-management is underway in the Lower Amazon that is developing the basic policy and institutional
elements for an ecosystem-based approach to floodplain management. This initiative grew out of the grassroots movement of
floodplain communities who, concerned with excessive commercial fishing pressure on local fisheries, took control of local
lakes and implemented collective agreements regulating fishing activity. This paper describes the main elements of the evolving
regional management system. This process has focused on four main dimensions of floodplain settlement and resource use: development
of sustainable management systems for floodplain resources, policies and institutions for fisheries co-management, collective
agreements for grazing cattle on floodplain grasslands, and a land tenure policy consistent with the objectives of the evolving
co-management system. Over the last year INCRA, the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform, has begun implementation
of a comprehensive new land tenure policy that could resolve structural deficiencies in the existing co-management system
and provide the basis for the ecosystem-based management of the Lower Amazon floodplain.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
47.
Gonçalo C. Cardoso Paulo Gama Mota Violaine Depraz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1425-1436
We tested if male or female behavior towards manipulated song indicates intra- or inter-sexual selection of two characteristics
of serin song that are extreme and evolutionarily derived in this species: high frequency and fast syllable rate. In a first
experiment, we monitored vocal responses and attendance to song playbacks. Female behavior indicated a preference for high-frequency
song and suggested an aggressive function for fast syllable rates, as fast songs inhibited vocal response. Males did not show
discrimination of frequency or syllable rate with this experimental design. The second experiment used a simple approach/no
approach design, and in this experiment, males showed stronger discrimination between stimuli than did females. Therefore,
sex differences in discrimination appear not to result from differences in perceptual abilities but from differences in the
context of stimulus presentation. The second experiment also supported a role of song frequency in female choice, as the effect
of frequency was limited to females: males did not respond differently to song frequency and approached high-frequency songs
less than females did. Results of this experiment also supported an aggressive function for fast syllable rates, as the effect
of fast songs did extend to male behavior. Taken together, our results indicate that the high frequency and fast syllable
rate of serin song cannot result from a single selection process: while high frequency may have evolved by inter-sexual selection,
syllable rate provokes a pattern of response that is more consistent with intra-sexual selection. 相似文献
48.
49.
de Araujo Helder F. P. Machado Célia C. C. Alves Ana Carolina Flores da Costa Lima Mônica da Silva José Maria Cardoso 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2022,27(8):1-18
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - All Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects are designed to contribute to the sustainable development of the host country. Livelihood is... 相似文献
50.
Empinotti Vanessa Lucena Gontijo Wilde Cardoso de Oliveira Vanessa Elias 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(6):1655-1666
Regional Environmental Change - The Brazilian Northeastern semi-arid region’s history has been characterized by drought, water scarcity, and poor living conditions. For the last... 相似文献