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121.
Carlos Wing-Hung Lo 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):331-344
Within the context of political democratization, this article explores environmental protection in Hong Kong since the government
lauched a ten-year program to “save the environment” in 1989. Examining environmental management by law from a social-choice
perspective, it argues that the government has yet to reach an integrative policy orocess. Hence the preconditions for an
integrative set of environmental legislation are absent. Institutionally, without a comprehensive green policy, the current
arrangements lack a vision as an integrative force to promote effective coordination among various sectoral environmental
coordination among various sectoral environmental programs. The dominant approach of policy and law enforcement through consultation
has rendered impossible strict enforcement of environmental rules and regulations as local economic growth enjoys a priority
over environmental protection. At a time of environmental awakening, the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared awakening,
the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared to participate in environmental management in a strict legal manner. The overall
observation is that Hong Kong has yet to see more mature political, legal, administrative, and social conditions for managing
its environment within a legal framework. 相似文献
122.
Robert N. Havis Carlos V. Alonso John G. King Russell F. Thurow 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(3):435-444
ABSTRACT: A simulation model [Salmonid Spawning Analysis Model (SSAM)] was developed as a management tool to evaluate the relative impacts of stream sediment load and water temperature on salmonid egg survival. The model is useful for estimating acceptable sediment loads to spawning habitat that may result from upland development, such as logging and agriculture. Software in common use in the USA were adapted for use in gravel bedded rivers and linked to simulate water temperature (the USFWS Instream Water Temperature, SNTEMP model) and water and sediment routing (the USAE Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs, HEC-6 model, version 3.2). These models drive the redd (spawning nest) model (the USDA-ABS Sediment Intrusion Dissolved Oxygen SIDO model) which simulates sediment intrusion and dissolved oxygen concentration in the redd environment. The SSAM model predictions of dissolved oxygen and water temperature compared favorably with field data from artificial redds containing hatchery chinook salmon eggs. 相似文献
123.
This study investigates the relationship between characteristics of environmental policy statements and the reputations of ISO 14001 registrars who had performed certification audits of firms operating in mainland China. Three characteristics of environmental policy statements were examined: (1) The conformance of the policy to strict interpretations of the international standard; (2) The policy statement's adherence to the good practice guidelines specified in ISO 14004; and, (3) Self-reported evaluations of the policy statement's effectiveness as implemented. Data from 106 facilities in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou reveal that registrar quality has a relatively weak, positive relationship with conformance to both ISO 14001 standards and to ISO 14004 guidelines, but no relationship was observed with the self-reported data. Additional findings are that the use of foreign registrars is significantly associated with the adoption of ISO 14004 guidelines and that conformance with ISO 14001 standards is somewhat higher for international joint ventures and foreign-owned firms than for state-owned enterprises. 相似文献
124.
Soil and groundwater contamination due to petroleum hydrocarbon spills is a frequent problem worldwide. In Mexico, even when programs oriented to the diminution of these undesirable events exist, in 2000, a total of 1,518 petroleum spills were reported. Exploration zones, refineries, and oil distribution and storage stations frequently are contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); diesel fraction; gasoline fraction; benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among the many methodologies available for the treatment of this kind of contaminated soil, bioremediation is the most favorable, because it is an efficient/low‐cost option that is environmentally friendly. This article discusses the capability of using a biopile to treat soils contaminated with about 40,000 mg/kg of TPH. Design and operation of a 27‐m3 biopile is described in this work, including microbiological and respirometric aspects. Parameters such as TPH, diesel fraction, BTEX, and PAHs considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were measured in biopile samples at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 22 weeks. A final average TPH concentration of 7,300 mg/kg was achieved in 22 weeks, a removal efficiency of 80 percent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
125.
Esther del Val Juan Carlos Senar Juan Garrido-Fernández Manuel Jarén Antoni Borràs Josep Cabrera Juan José Negro 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(7):797-801
Carotenoids may provide numerous health benefits and are also responsible for the integumentary coloration of many bird species.
Despite their importance, many aspects of their metabolism are still poorly known, and even basic issues such as the anatomical
sites of conversion remain controversial. Recent studies suggest that the transformation of carotenoid pigments takes place
directly in the follicles during feather growth, even though the liver has been previously recognised as a storing organ for
these pigments with a certain potential for conversion. In this context, we analysed the carotenoid profile of plasma, liver,
skin and feathers of male Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra). Interestingly, the derivative feather pigment 3-hydroxy-echinenone was detected in the liver and in the bloodstream (i.e.
the necessary vehicle to transport metabolites to colourful peripheral tissues). Our results demonstrate for the first time
with empirical data that the liver may act as the main site for the synthesis of integumentary carotenoids. This finding contradicts
previous assumptions and raises the question of possible inter-specific differences in the site of carotenoid conversion in
birds. 相似文献
126.
127.
128.
Valme Jurado Angel Fernandez-Cortes Soledad Cuezva Leonila Laiz Juan Carlos Cañaveras Sergio Sanchez-Moral Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(9):1027-1034
The conservation of rock-art paintings in European caves is a matter of increasing interest. This derives from the bacterial
colonisation of Altamira Cave, Spain and the recent fungal outbreak of Lascaux Cave, France—both included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List. Here, we show direct evidence of a fungal colonisation of rock tablets in a testing system exposed in Altamira
Cave. After 2 months, the tablets, previously sterilised, were heavily colonised by fungi and bacteria. Most fungi isolated
were labelled as entomopathogens, while the bacteria were those regularly identified in the cave. Rock colonisation was probably
promoted by the dissolved organic carbon supplied with the dripping and condensation waters and favoured by the displacement
of aerosols towards the interior of the cave, which contributed to the dissemination of microorganisms. The role of arthropods
in the dispersal of spores may also help in understanding fungal colonisation. This study evidences the fragility of rock-art
caves and demonstrates that microorganisms can easily colonise bare rocks and materials introduced into the cavity. 相似文献
129.
Carlos Navarro Florentino de Lope Anders Pape Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1161-1168
Homeobox genes regulate development of digits, and it has been suggested that the ratio of length of second to length of fourth
digit reflects such genetic effects in a sex-specific manner. We show that digit ratios in the sexually dichromatic house
sparrow Passer domesticus differ between sexes, with males having higher ratios than females, and that individuals produce consistent ratios on the
two feet. If Homeobox or other genes had pleiotropic effects on development of digits, behavior, and physiology of males and
females, we would expect secondary sexual characters and immunity to be related to digit ratio in a sex-specific manner. The
size of the visible part of the black badge in February (a secondary sexual character), but not total badge size, was positively
correlated with digit ratios, suggesting that males with more male-like digit ratios had larger visible badges. Because of
sex-specific effects of development on secondary sexual characters and immunity, we predicted sex-specific differences in
immune response to be related to digit ratio. House sparrows with large digit ratios had weaker T cell-mediated immune response
than individuals with small digit ratios, particularly in females, implying that females with more male-like digit ratios
had weak immune responses. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early development, as reflected by digit
ratios, and genetics affect the expression of adult characters that are supposedly strongly contributing to fitness. 相似文献
130.
MarÍA JOSÉ Ruiz‐López Natalia Gañan José Antonio Godoy Ana Del Olmo Julian Garde Gerardo Espeso Astrid Vargas Fernando Martinez Eduardo R. S. Roldán Montserrat Gomendio 《Conservation biology》2012,26(6):1121-1129
The relation among inbreeding, heterozygosity, and fitness has been studied primarily among outbred populations, and little is known about these phenomena in endangered populations. Most researchers conclude that the relation between coefficient of inbreeding estimated from pedigrees and fitness traits (inbreeding‐fitness correlations) better reflects inbreeding depression than the relation between marker heterozygosity and fitness traits (heterozygosity‐fitness correlations). However, it has been suggested recently that heterozygosity‐fitness correlations should only be expected when inbreeding generates extensive identity disequilibrium (correlations in heterozygosity and homozygosity across loci throughout the genome). We tested this hypothesis in Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr) and Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). For Mohor gazelle, we calculated the inbreeding coefficient and measured heterozygosity at 17 microsatellite loci. For Iberian lynx, we measured heterozygosity at 36 microsatellite loci. In both species we estimated semen quality, a phenotypic trait directly related to fitness that is controlled by many loci and is affected by inbreeding depression. Both species showed evidence of extensive identity disequilibrium, and in both species heterozygosity was associated with semen quality. In the Iberian lynx the low proportion of normal sperm associated with low levels of heterozygosity was so extreme that it is likely to limit the fertility of males. In Mohor gazelle, although heterozygosity was associated with semen quality, inbreeding coefficient was not. This result suggests that when coefficient of inbreeding is calculated on the basis of a genealogy that begins after a long history of inbreeding, the coefficient of inbreeding fails to capture previous demographic information because it is a poor estimator of accumulated individual inbreeding. We conclude that among highly endangered species with extensive identity disequilibrium, examination of heterozygosity‐fitness correlations may be an effective way to detect inbreeding depression, whereas inbreeding‐fitness correlations may be poor indicators of inbreeding depression if the pedigree does not accurately reflect the history of inbreeding. Correlaciones Heterocigosidad‐ Adaptabilidad y Depresión Endogámica en Dos Especies de Mamíferos Críticamente en Peligro 相似文献