海河冲积平原区农用地综合生产能力空间差异

以海河冲积平原区为例,通过典型样点调查建立样点标准粮和相应的农用地自然质量等级指数的函数方程,求算理论生产能力;结合近3a(2003-2005年)的粮食实际产量,分析农用地的粮食增产潜力、农用地利用强度及其整理优势.结果表明:全区耕地粮食理论总生产能力为3.03×107t,远高于近3a1.49×107t的粮食平均实际产量,目前该区粮食安全的耕地资源保障程度较高.通过整理优势分析,划定了区域的不同整理优势级别,整理优势大的区域主要集中在冀中南冲积平原区,受灌溉条件、农田基础设施、管理水平的限制,粮食生产能力的开发程度低,粮食生产有较大的增产空间.     

Components of information for multiple resolution comparison between maps that share a real variable

This paper presents quantitative methods that allow scientists to compare the patterns in two maps that show a shared real variable. Specifically, this paper shows how to budget various components of agreement and disagreement between maps. The components are based on the separation of a map’s information of quantity from its information of location. The technique also examines how variation in resolution influences the measurement of the components of information. The manner in which the measurements change as a function of spatial resolution can be more important and interesting than the results at any single particular resolution, because the results at a single particular resolution may indicate more about the format of the data than about the overall pattern in the landscape. An example illustrates the mathematical concepts, and an application compares mapped vegetation indices in Africa to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach vis-à-vis a conventional approach. The results are presented visually in the form of stacked bar graphs that show separable components of information. The entire analysis is performed twice, each time with a different mathematical measurement of deviation: (1) root mean square error, and (2) mean absolute error. This paper compares these two approaches and discusses their relative advantages and disadvantages. Hopefully, this approach of budgeting components of information at multiple resolutions will become adopted as standard practice in the measurement of patterns.

黄土高原地区水资源承载力动态变化及灰色拓扑预测——以山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃四省为例

研究水资源承载力对促进区域水资源的合理开发和保证经济可持续发展具有十分重要的作用.文章采用模糊综合评价方法,以水资源利用率、降水量、人均占有水量和生态用水量作为评价因素,首次对黄土高原水资源承载力进行了大尺度综合评价,并建立灰色拓扑预测模型对其动态变化进行预测,在此基础上提出了黄土高原水资源可持续利用对策.结果表明:黄土高原四省水资源承载力在1994-2004年间总体上呈缓慢上升趋势,水资源开发潜力呈微弱增大趋势;但值得注意的是,黄土高原水资源开发已有一定规模,其水环境仍十分脆弱,需要进一步作好节水和水资源的保护工作.     

工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法回顾

可持续发展取得共识后,可持续性评价工具大量出现,工业废弃地再开发中也广泛应用.根据对可持续性理解的不同,工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法可以分为目标驱动型和过程驱动型两大类型:目标驱动型往往扩展为"目标-指标评价法",而且根据目标的差异,可以分为单项和综合方法,后者可分为制度性和参与性框架,参与性框架又可以分为自上而下型和自下而上型;过程驱动型包括SEA驱动型和EIA驱动型,前者往往与相关的土地规划有关,后者通常以项目为基础.总之,工业废弃地再开发可持续性评价方法的演进与其基础理论演变和社会变化有密切关系,一方面日益与开发和决策过程相结合,另一方面也更加关注公共参与.借鉴各国工业废弃地可持续再开发的经验,把握可持续性评价的发展趋势,将促进我国城市土地资源的可持续利用,有利于构建"资源集约型"、"环境友好型"的循环型社会.     

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

高效脱色菌群的脱色、产酶及群落分析

富集筛选到2组能够在开放条件下对多种染料和造纸废水高效脱色的混合菌群,以该混合菌群构建的生物膜反应器在连续运行条件下,对COD为750～1175mg/L、色度为200～320的染料废水进行脱色、降解,脱色率为80%～90%、COD去除率为69%～90%.该混合菌群能够在不同染料培养基中、造纸废水或染料废水中产生木质素降解酶系统中的1种或2种酶.分析表明,2组菌群中真菌与细菌的比例为6.8:1～51.8:1,优势微生物种类为真菌,从中分离出16株真菌,其中8株对活性红M-3BE具有明显脱色效果.     

硫酸钡锶垢去除研究

通过定性分析得出某油田现场结垢物质为硫酸钡锶垢;采用沉淀重量法,对几种市售除垢剂与自制新型除垢剂QX进行了除垢效果对比实验。结果表明,除垢剂QX是一种理想的硫酸钡锶垢除垢剂。当QX加量为25mg／L、温度为50℃时除垢24h,除垢率可达95％以上。同时,对除垢剂加量、除垢时间、盐类加入和酸洗等影响因素进行了正交实验研究,表明除垢剂加量是影响除垢率的主要因素,而酸洗和加入盐会阻碍除垢效果。     

人类活动影响下的黄河流域水资源演化规律初探

应用分布式流域水文模型WEP-L模型初步分析了人类活动影响下的黄河水资源演化规律。通过2000年现状下垫面条件下的评价结果与历史系列条件下的评价结果比较,以及考虑与不考虑人工取用水条件下的模拟结果比较,初步发现:黄河流域在强烈的人类活动影响下,水资源量及其构成均发生了显著变化,地表水资源量衰减,而不重复地下水量增加;在狭义水资源衰减的同时,伴随着有效蒸散即降水有效利用的增加,流域广义水资源量有一定幅度增加。研究成果对黄河的治理规划和水安全战略具有参考价值。     

黄河流域分布式水文模型开发和验证

研究目的是开发和验证大流域分布式水文模型,为黄河流域水资源评价和演化规律分析服务。在综合了分布式水文模型和陆面过程模型各自优点的基础上,开发出模拟对象为“天然-人工”二元水循环系统的WEP-L模型。该模型以“子流域内等高带”为计算单元,并用“马赛克”法考虑计算单元内土地覆被的多样性,避免了采用过粗网格单元产生的模拟失真问题。针对各水循环要素过程时间尺度不同的特点,计算时采用了1h至1d的“变时间步长”,既合理表述了水循环动力学机制又提高了计算效率。将全黄河流域划分为具有空间拓扑关系的8485个子流域和38720个等高带,采用45年(1956～2000年)水文气象系列数据及相应下垫面条件进行了模拟计算,并根据黄河流域主要水文站逐月和逐日径流系列进行了模型校验。验证结果表明,所构建的模型具有较高模拟精度,可应用于黄河流域二元水循环过程模拟和水资源演变规律分析。     

我国"九五"期间环评火电项目SO2控制分析

从我国"九五"期间新建、改建、扩建的83个燃煤火电项目的环境影响评价报告书中取得相关数据,采取实证研究的办法,对这些项目的SO2控制情况进行分析.结果表明:这83个项目中有87%的计划装机容量使用含硫量小于1%的低硫煤;大于31%的计划装机容量采取了脱硫措施.从国家鼓励的增产不增污的效果来看,自1997年起,区域内实现增产不增污的项目比例较高,达到60%以上,2000年达到了100%.同时,火电厂内实现增产不增污的项目比例也逐年上升.可以看出"九五"期间提出的有关新建火电厂的SO2控制政策在环境影响评价这一阶段得到了很好的执行.提出在今后的SO2控制政策设计中要注意浓度控制和总量控制的政策协调性.