A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。     

Pedological characteristics of Mn mine tailings and metal accumulation by native plants

In southern China revegetation and ecological restoration of many abandoned Mn tailings has become a major concern. To determine the major constraints for plant establishment and evaluate the feasibility of remediation, a comparative study was conducted on Mn tailings and rhizosphere soils at the boundary of the tailings pond. Both tailings and rhizosphere soils had neutral to slightly alkaline pH and normal electrical conductivity. They were both enriched with organic matter (6.8-9.2%), total N (1.77-5.94 g kg(-1)), available P (41.78-73.83 mg kg(-1)) and K (146.7-906.9 mg kg(-1)), suggesting the tailings were a nutrient rich substrate for revegetation. Mn tailings were clay textured, while rhizosphere soils were silty loam or clay loam. The compaction and anoxic nature of Mn tailings were considered to be the major constraints for plant establishment. Total Mn (31903 mg kg(-1)), Cd (119 mg kg(-1)), Cu (126 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (2490 mg kg(-1)) in tailings were all at phytotoxic levels, but did not differ significantly from those in rhizosphere soils. In both tailings and rhizosphere soils, percentages of water- and DTPA-extractable metals were less than 1% and 2% of the total metal pools, respectively. Sequential extraction revealed that the majority of Mn, Cu and Zn were associated with the residual fraction, while the majority of Cd occurred as Fe-Mn oxides. The natural succession of plants around Mn tailings formed a distinctive metal-tolerant plant community, mainly comprising nine species such as Cynodon dactylon and Humulus scandens and so on. All species studied could be good candidates for revegetation of Mn tailings.     

昆明市东川区农业旱灾风险区识别研究

昆明市东川区是云南省农业旱灾危害较为严重的区域之一。利用2000-2007年东川区各乡镇历史灾情等数据资料,应用风险分析理论、效用理论、因子-成份分析方法等理论方法,在分别研究致灾风险度、承灾体易损性及地域人群对农业旱灾心理反响等基础上,构建了东川区农业旱灾风险评价模型。初步揭示出东川区农业旱灾风险度呈现出自南向北、自西向东逐渐增强的空间态势;识别出极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区和低风险区等4个农业旱灾风险区;发现东川区各地农业旱灾综合风险度、致灾风险度、承灾体易损度以及地域人群对旱灾的心理响应值等指数之间普遍存在着明显的正相关。     

中国规划环境影响评价中存在的问题与对策

本文对我国规划环境影响评价中存在的问题进行了分析,提出完善规划环评机制,强化规划环评的审批管理．加强有关规划环评技术方法的研究,提高规划环评审批者及相关专家的业务水平等推进规划环评的措施．     

丙烯聚合釜失效原因分析

针对丙烯聚合釜的开裂失效进行了系统的分析和测试,包括:宏观分析硬度测试金相分析、扫描电镜及电子能谱分析等,依据分析结果对开裂原因进行了讨论,并针对开裂原因提出了相应的建议措施.     

Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions

A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 10⁶, an irrigation area of 375.521 km², a livestock of 0.7732 × 10⁶, and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 10⁹ (i.e. about US$28.285× 10⁹) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system.     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋气中汞的分布特征

利用Tekran 2537A和Lumex RA-915汞分析仪分别对生活垃圾填埋场排气筒、填埋场内部的气态总汞变化规律进行了分析,结果表明,填埋场排气筒中气态总汞含量呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天高于夜间,并于午间达到峰值。气象条件对汞的释放过程有重要影响,光照强度与排气筒中气态总汞含量的相关性明显。受填埋场内部物理、化学、生物作用的影响,填埋场内部填埋气的汞浓度明显高于排气筒中填埋气的汞浓度。填埋场内部气态总汞变化规律为:植被覆盖区域明显低于无植被覆盖区域,表明有效的绿化措施对于控制填埋场汞污染具有重要意义。     

根表铁膜的形成和添加硒对水稻吸收转运无机汞和甲基汞的影响

为了研究根表铁膜和硒对水稻吸收、转运不同形态的汞的影响,用Fe2+溶液诱导根表形成铁膜后,将水稻植株分别暴露于无机汞(Hg Cl2)、甲基汞(Me Hg Cl)、无机汞和亚硒酸钠(Hg Cl2+Na2Se O3)混合溶液、甲基汞和亚硒酸钠(Me Hg Cl+Na2Se O3)混合溶液的培养液中继续培养72 h。用DCB(dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate)提取根表铁膜,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定DCB溶液中Fe、Hg含量及水稻根、茎叶中Hg含量。结果表明:水稻根表铁膜对Me Hg Cl和Hg Cl2均有吸附,对Me Hg Cl的吸附作用高于Hg Cl2。根表铁膜的形成显著降低了汞暴露水稻根、茎叶中汞的含量;铁膜的形成也显著降低了Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl从水稻根部到茎叶部分的转运效率。硒的存在可增加铁膜对Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl的吸附,降低水稻对Hg Cl2和Me Hg Cl的吸收和转运。研究结果表明:根表铁膜和硒单独或联合作用能显著抑制水稻对无机汞和甲基汞的吸收和转运,进而可以减少汞在稻米中的蓄积。研究的开展对于提高汞污染区稻米的质量和保证粮食安全具有一定的现实意义。     

Leaching of elements from flue dust produced in copper scrap smelting process

To understand the features and leaching characteristics of copper (Cu) scrap smelting dust and its potential risk to environment and humans, three types of smelting dust were sampled and investigated. The dust samples were collected from the dust captured by cyclone collector, panel cooler, and bag house in a typical Cu scrap smelting process of a factory in Guangxi of China. Zinc (Zn), Cu and lead (Pb) were the main elements of the samples of cyclone collector dust (CCD), panel cooler dust (PCD), and bag house dust (BHD). There were less arsenic (As), Pb and Cu in CCD than PCD and BHD, and PCD contained more manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) than BHD. The particle shapes of BHD appeared more regular than CCD and PCD, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis illustrated the compositions of selected surface areas of three samples. The size of particles ranged from 0.011 to 33.11 μm in CCD, from less than 1 μm to several mm in PCD, and from 0.832 to 363.078 μm in BHD. The main elements in leachate were Zn and Mn from CCD, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Pb from PCD, Zn, Mn and Cd from BHD. The leaching toxicity risk of Cd, Mn, and Zn of PCD and BHD was higher than CCD.