A New Statistical Dynamic Analysis of Ecosystem Patterns

While phenomenological investigations of ecosystem patterns often fail to reveal underlying dynamic mechanisms, we highlight a universal principle for pattern formation in ecosystems. We consider ecosystems to be typical complex adaptive systems that seek an optimal process to obtain maximized flux under given constraints. An analysis of the optimal process reveals underlying microscopic dynamic mechanisms that induce complex patterns in ecosystems. We emulate ecosystem patterns using a Self-Organization Feature Map: an artificial neural network theoretical model by which evolution processes, structural classifications, and the fractal growth of ecosystem patterns can be simulated. The results help us analyze the formation and dynamics of ecosystem patterns, with attending implications for the classification, protection, and optimization of ecosystems.     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

臭氧氧化处理养猪场厌氧沼液

实验在MAP沉淀处理的基础上,采用臭氧氧化技术对养猪场厌氧沼液进行处理。研究了氧化过程中臭氧的投加量、反应时间对沼液pH、COD和UV254的去除效果、沼液可生化性、氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,在臭氧氧化过程中,随着反应时间的延长,沼液pH呈逐渐下降的趋势。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为40 min时,COD和UV254去除率达到最大,分别为21.7%和60%。此外,臭氧氧化能把BOD5/COD的比值从0.24提高为0.41,有效提高了沼液的可生化性。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为2 h时,TN的浓度基本维持在370~410 mg/L之间,氨氮浓度随时间呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且最终维持在132.7 mg/L,然而,硝态氮浓度反而升高了近一倍,由此可见,臭氧氧化不能完全脱氮,只能使氮从一种形态转化为另一种形态。     

以泡沫镍为阴极的电芬顿法对苯酚的降解

电芬顿是一种高级氧化技术,其中电极材料对其处理效果有较为明显的影响.为提高电芬顿系统处理效率,选用泡沫镍电极作为阴极,以H2O2浓度为指标,探究了操作条件(pH、电流密度、曝气速率、电极间距)对其催化产H2O2性能的影响,并利用苯酚作为模拟污染物研究降解效果.实验结果表明,泡沫镍具备优异的阴极性能,其最佳工作条件为:pH=3,电流密度i=3 mA/cm2,曝气量10 L/h,电极间距3 cm,在此条件下反应60 min后H2O2浓度可达45 mg/L.使用泡沫镍作为阴极降解苯酚废水,研究了Fe2+投加量对去除率的影响.在最佳Fe2+量(40 mg/L)下,反应2 h后苯酚及COD去除率分别达到95%和80%.其降解反应符合准一级动力学方程,表观反应速率常数最大可达5.0×10-4 s-1.     

美人蕉有机酸组分对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

对美人蕉叶片水浸提液进行液液萃取得到美人蕉有机酸组分,研究了美人蕉有机酸组分对铜绿微囊藻化感抑制作用,实验结果表明,美人蕉有机酸组分对铜绿微囊藻生长具有低促高抑作用,13.3 g/L和20.0 g/L处理组6 d 后抑制率分别达到98.57%和99.37%,铜绿微囊藻在高浓度美人蕉有机酸组分下,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性出现先增大后减小,说明美人蕉有机酸组分可能通过对铜绿微囊藻抗氧化酶系统逐渐损伤,最终藻类死亡.通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,鉴定出美人蕉有机酸组分共含有32种有机酸成分,其中饱和脂肪酸18种、不饱和脂肪酸7种、芳香酸5种以及酚酸2种.     

SH抑尘剂固化建设场地类型土的抗雨蚀性能

经抑尘剂固化后的抗雨蚀性能是影响抑尘剂使用时效性的关键因素之一。以高分子材料——SH抑尘剂为研究对象,考虑建设场地扬尘来源(即建设场地类型土)、喷洒量、坡度、坡面形态及固化时间等因素,借助冲刷量、冲刷面破坏形态及冲刷颗粒物分布状态评价SH抑尘剂在仅固化建设场地类型土表层条件下的抗雨蚀效果。实验结果表明,SH抑尘剂可与表层土颗粒形成具有抗雨蚀能力的保护层。粉土、黏土、粉煤灰及碎石土经SH抑尘剂固化后,在暴雨强度下冲刷颗粒物少且呈散粒状,土样表面的整体完整性保持良好,无明显冲刷痕迹;SH抑尘剂对各种坡面形态及坡度均具有较好适应性,SH抑尘剂适用于场地土及裸露地表的固化;随SH抑尘剂喷量及固化时间的增加,固化土的抗雨蚀能力先增大后趋于平缓,从施工和经济角度,建议选取的SH抑尘剂喷量为1.2 kg/m2,固化时间为3 d。     

微波活化中孔酸性生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为与机理

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助磷酸活化法制备了同时富含中孔结构和含氧酸官能团的生物质炭,以氮气吸附、红外光谱FT-IR等技术对炭样品表面物化性质进行了表征,通过静态实验法测定了生物质炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,分析了溶液pH、初始浓度、温度对吸附的影响,研究了不同pH下蔗渣生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,并从热力学及动力学角度探讨了生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理。结果表明,不同制备参数下生物质炭的得率均大于39.2%,但表面物化性质因参数变化有较大差异。在浸渍比1∶1,烘干时间10 h,活化功率900 W,活化时间22 min的条件下,制得的生物质炭的比表面积为1 021 m2/g,亚甲基蓝值超过国家一级品标准1.70倍,表面富含微中孔结构和羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团,中孔约占总孔的40%。静态吸附实验表明,溶液初始浓度对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随初始浓度的增加,pH的升高及温度的上升而增大,Freundlich方程、Redlich-Peterson方程与Temkin方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为;吸附动力学结果表明,数据符合Elovich方程,吸附行为更倾向于化学吸附;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附标准焓变(ΔH0)70 kJ/mol,说明该吸附为自发的吸热反应,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

中国排污许可证制度执行现状调查

本研究以广州、石家庄、兰州、哈尔滨和大同5个城市为调研对象,收集各城市20年来许可证相关的法规制度,并与各城市环境保护监管部门负责人及典型企业环保专职人员进行了访谈。研究表明,中国排污许可证制度在提高企业环保守法意识和推动总量减排上起到了明显作用,但也面临着法律体系不完善,行政资源不足、排放量核算方法不明确、处罚力度弱以及公众参与不充分等问题。在此基础上,本研究提出中国排污许可证制度的改进建议,为决策部门制定相应的政策提供科学和技术的支撑。     

Crystalline phase evolution behavior and physicochemical properties of glass–ceramics from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Appropriate management and treatment of fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant have become an urgent environmental protection...     

Influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristic of landfills that adopt the aerobic–anaerobic landfill method

As far as the optimal design, operation, and field application of the Aerobic–Anaerobic Landfill Method (AALM) are concerned, it is very important to understand how aeration modes (different combinations of aeration depth and air injection rate) affect the biodegradation of organic carbon and the transformation of nitrogen in landfill solid waste. Pilot-scale lysimeter experiments were carried out under different aeration modes to obtain detailed information regarding the influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristics. Results from these lysimeter experiments revealed that aeration at the bottom layer was the most effective for decomposition of organic carbon when compared with aeration at the surface or middle layers. Moreover, the air injection rate led to different nitrogen transformation patterns, unlike the lesser influence it has on organic carbon decomposition. Effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were observed for the aeration mode with a higher air injection rate (=1.0 L/min). On the other hand, the phenomenon of sequenced nitrification and denitrification could be observed when a low air injection rate (=0.5 L/min.) was employed. Finally, it is concluded that, for AALM, air injection with a higher air injection rate at the deepest layer near the leachate collection pipe tends to accelerate the stabilization of landfill waste as defined in terms of the enhancement of denitrification as well as organic carbon decomposition.