Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

低残油土壤中高效降油菌的筛选分离及其营养平衡

为了更有效地修复被石油污染的土壤,以低残油土壤为菌源,原油为唯一碳源,经反复驯化筛选后得到降解石油的高效菌,初步鉴定其为动胶菌属(Zoogloeasp.)。并对该菌种的营养平衡条件进行了初探。试验筛选出优势氮源为NH4NO3,氮磷比应控制在4∶1左右。     

Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition

As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397 tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01 kg CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-eq.), 4.43 kg SO₂-eq., 4.88 kg NO₃⁻-eq., and 3509 m³ water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499 ton CO₂-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24 kg CO₂-eq., and CH₄, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497 ton CO₂-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective.     

Comparison of light absorption and oxidative potential of biodiesel/diesel and chemicals/diesel blends soot particles

Soot particles,mainly coming from fuel combustion,affect climate forcing through absorbing light and also result in adverse human health outcomes.Though biodiesel or additives blending with diesel was considered environmentally friendly,the understanding on absorbing and oxidative capacity of soot emitted from them are still unclear.The watersoluble organic carbon(WSOC) content,surface chemical structure,light absorption and oxidative potential(OP^DTT) of soot from biodiesel/diesel and...     

氧化石墨烯抗菌性及生物安全性研究进展

氧化石墨烯是一种表面有丰富含氧官能团的石墨烯衍生物,具有与石墨烯相似的二维蜂窝状晶格结构,从而导致了其具有电学、光学、力学特性和良好的生物相容性,被广泛应用于材料学、生物医学和药物传递等诸多领域。因氧化石墨烯日益增多的生产和使用,其在空气、水和土壤中大量积累,引发了人们对其生物安全性的高度关注。以微生物、陆生动植物和水生动植物为分类标准,综述了近几年氧化石墨烯对微生物、动物和植物的毒性影响,总结并分析了三者的毒性机理,比较了不同生存环境下其对动植物毒性影响的不同,旨在更加全面地揭示氧化石墨烯的生物安全性,为氧化石墨烯安全使用剂量和其功能化应用提供一定的参考。     

烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物堆肥混合施用对滨海盐渍土壤的改良

为克服烟气脱硫石膏改良盐碱地存在的土壤盐分升高、营养物质降低等不足,通过对不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥与适量烟气脱硫石膏混合施用,且开展了其对上海南汇滨海盐渍土的改良效应研究。结果表明：2种改良剂混合施用能显著降低滨海盐渍土pH和全盐含量,增加土壤营养物质含量和植物生物量,并提高植物对营养物质的吸收能力;与对照相比,当烟气脱硫石膏施用量为25 g·kg⁻¹时,土壤pH降低了10.9%,EC升高了8.4%,有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量分别降低了30.1%、40.5%和36.1%,黑麦草发芽率下降了8.0%,植株内全氮、全钾含量均有所升高,但全磷含量减少了25.4%;混合施加不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥后,土壤pH降幅为6.8%~13.8%,EC降幅为4.2%~11.6%;土壤有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量增幅分别为96.0%~182.7%、40.0%~186.7%和71.7%~157.5%;黑麦草发芽率和生物量逐渐增加,在园林废弃物堆肥施用量为40%时,与对照处理相比,此时植物发芽率达到90.0%,总湿重、地上干重、株高和根长等分别增加了154.1%、100.0%、89.2%和103.6%,植株体内氮和钾含量分别增加了139.9%和40.8%,磷的含量则接近对照处理。通过分析可知,烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物混合施用可较好地改良滨海盐渍土壤,并为城市固废的适合处置方式和综合利用途径提供了参考。     

Forecasting energy demand of China using Bayesian Combination model

To analyze the impact of the related economic factors on China's energy demand, Path analysis is used to analyze the major factors and their direct and indirect effects on energy demand. This study showed that the main factors that affect the energy demand are the economic growth, the total population, and the primary energy structure, the economic growth is the main determining factor, and the primary energy structure is the major restrictive factor. On this basis and considering the multicollinearity and the validity of the forecast, we established a partial least-square (PLS) and the trend extrapolation prediction model, and then we sum up all the information to found a PLS—trend extrapolation combination forecasting model based on the optimized combining forecast theory. Finally, we obtain the probability distribution of the error using the Bayesian statistic theory and find the confidence interval of combining forecasting result. The results indicate that the outcome of combining forecasting will be more precise after using the Bayesian error correction approach.     

乡镇企业的工伤问题初探

本文总结了珠江三角洲地区部分乡镇企业发生工伤事故的现状、职业安全卫生方面存在的问题及由工伤事故所造成的经济损失的思考等。从研究的资料分析发现，近几年乡镇企业中工伤事故重伤率在１８．００／１０万以上，死亡率在７０．００／１０万以上，均高于国有企业。其中重伤率以村办企业（２．４１‰）和中外合资企业（１．９６‰）最高，死亡率以村办和国内独资企业最高（０．３３‰，０．２９‰）。     

Cause of PM2.5 pollution during the 2016-2017 heating season in Beijing, Tianjin, and Langfang, China

To investigate the cause of fine particulate matter(particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 um,PM2.5) pollution in the heating season in the North China Plain(specifically Beijing,Tianjin,and Langfang),water-soluble ions and carbonaceous components in PM_2.5were simultaneously measured by online instruments with 1-hr resolution,from November 15,2016 to March 15,2017.The results showed extreme severity of PM_2.5 pollution on a regional scale.Secondary inorganic io...     

三峡库区渝巴公路马道子滑坡岸段动态风险评价

水库区公路岸坡属大型线性工程,其灾害评价主要涉及沿线两侧一定宽度范围,总体呈线状或条带状;库水升降及降雨作用,可引起岸坡地下水位的波动,从而导致岸坡稳定性的变化,这一过程是一个动态变化过程;基于以上认识,以三峡库区渝巴公路马道子滑坡段为例,根据线性工程风险评价的特点,采用地下水浸润线简化求解公式,并按照滑坡动态稳定性的理念,对该公路岸坡段的动态风险进行了初步评价,并对治理必要性进行了分析,结果与实际相符。