Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China

To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM_10(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were sampled in three different functional areas(Yuzhong County,Xigu District and Chengguan District) of Lanzhou, and their chemical composition(elements, ions, carbonaceous species) was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean concentrations of PM_10(369.48 μg/m~3) and PM_(2.5)(295.42 μg/m~3) were detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM_(2.5)(53.15 μg/m~3) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM_10(89.60 μg/m~3) in Xigu District in the fall.The overall average OC/EC(organic carbon/elemental carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption, implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of coal. The content of SNA(the sum of sulfate, nitrate,ammonium, SNA) in PM_(2.5)in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The content of SNA in PM_(2.5)and PM_10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons(0.24–0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis, and emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.     

实际污水与模拟污水活性污泥系统的特性差异

实验中经常采用人工配置的模拟生活污水,为了研究其与实际生活污水活性污泥系统的特性差异,采用2个序批式间歇反应器(SBR)进行平行实验(厌氧、好氧方式运行),系统地考察了在进水主要组分和运行参数相同的情况下,不同原水对活性污泥系统脱氮、除磷、比好氧速率、污泥絮体形态和出水水质等方面的影响。结果表明,模拟污水系统的硝化活性强于实际污水系统,两者的平均硝化速率分别为7.43 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)和5.55 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)。在前置厌氧段,模拟污水系统的释磷量比实际污水系统高出36.45%。两者在后续好氧阶段都能够充分吸磷。模拟污水系统的平均比好氧速率(SOUR)高达64.54 mg O2/(g MLSS.h),而实际污水系统的则只有32.81 mg O2/(g MLSS.h)。模拟污水系统的污泥絮体疏松,粒径小,形状不规则,沉降性差,沉后出水平均悬浮物浓度(SS)为20 mg/L;而实际污水系统的污泥絮体则密实、粒径大,沉降性好,沉后水十分清澈,SS几乎检测不出。     

电-Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水

2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)弹药销毁废水的色度高、毒性大、不易生化降解。采用电Fenton法降解TNT弹药销毁废水。研究了电压(U)、极板间距(D)、初始pH、H2O2投加量(M)、n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)摩尔比及反应时间(T)对废水COD去除率的影响;优化了反应条件:在U=8 V,D=1 cm,初始pH=3,M(H2O2) =0.0916 mol/L,n(Fe2+)/n(H2O2)=1:30,T=4 h的条件下,废水的COD去除率大于86%,出水的其余指标如色度、氨氮、pH、TNT含量等各指标经国标法测量均达标。通过对反应动力学方程的分析,得出该实验基本符合二级反应动力学。该法操作简单实用,是处理该废水行之有效的方法。     

酸性大红嗜盐菌群的富集及脱色效果

为了获得能够在高盐条件下使偶氮染料脱色的微生物菌群,采用驯化的方法,从江苏某印染厂的活性污泥中富集了一个能够在10%盐度下对酸性大红GR脱色的嗜盐菌群,并对其群落结构和脱色特性进行了研究。结果表明,该菌群主要由Halomonas、Salinicoccus、Alcaligenes和Pseudomonas等4个属组成。在10%的盐度下,该菌群在12 h内可以将100 mg/L的酸性大红GR完全脱色。高浓度的NaCl、Na2SO4和 NaNO3抑制菌群的脱色效率,NaCl的抑制作用最强。菌群脱色的适宜pH 5~7,温度范围为30~40 ℃,10% NaCl。该菌群可以降解直接耐黑G和分散深蓝S-3BG等偶氮染料。     

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean p H at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollutio...     

城市固体废物好氧生物反应器填埋方式的实验研究

MSW(城市固体废物)生物反应器型填埋是一种较新颖的方法。在系统分析现有填埋方法优缺点的基础上,对其加以改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机地结合在一起,构建了MSW好氧生物反应器。考察了NH3、CH4、CO2、pH和温度等因素,并监测分析了渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-等指标,旨在研究其中垃圾的降解及渗滤液中COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-的去除情况,探讨该生物反应器对垃圾和渗滤液相关参数的作用机理。结果表明,该反应器对渗滤液中COD、BOD5、NO3-的去除率分别达到96.34%、94.58%和99.9%,对其中的Zn2+也有较好的脱除效果。     

Population genetic structure of Pinus tabulaeformis in Shanxi Plateau, China

Chinese pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., a species that ranges broadly across northeastern to southwestern China, plays a vital role in the maintenance of the structure and function of these ecosystems. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of five widespread populations in Shanxi Plateau, the distribution center of Chinese pine, using 15 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and five inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers in 140 individual tree samples. Similar genetic differentiation results were obtained from the data of RAPD and ISSR. Based on the two sets of data, Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.2842 and 0.3078 and Shannon’s indices of diversity were 0.4332 and 0.4468. Genetic diversity at the species level was found high relative to that for other genera of Pinaceae. The greatest diversity was observed in the Lingkong Mountain population (0.3860), while the lowest was recorded in the Luya Mountain population (0.3352), most likely as a result of natural adaptation and anthropogenic perturbation. The relative magnitude of differentiation among populations (G _ST) was 0.1491 and 0.1356, respectively, implying that most genetic variation was within the populations (∼0.8509), rather than among populations. Published in Russian in Ekologiya, 2008, No. 1, pp. 36–42. The article was translated by the authors.     

Analysis of Influences between the Energy Structure Change and Energy Intensity in China

In this article, based on the data of the energy statistics from 1980 to 2004, we analyze the relationship between the primary energy structures, technique, management, and the energy use per unit of GDP based on the path analysis approach and present the degree of the direct, indirect, and the overall influences of the primary energy structures on the energy use per unit of GDP. The results show that the technical change and management level play a decisive role in the energy use per unit of GDP, and the ratio of oil consumption was the major limiting factor to energy use per unit of GDP. We then found the model of the energy use per unit of GDP and the structures of the primary energy consumption, eliminated the multicollinearity in the model with the path analysis result, and finally, analyzed the influence of the primary energy structure on the energy conservation.     

γ中尺度单体合并在昭通小河镇"201O.7.13"灾害性天气中的特征分析

低纬度高原特殊地形影响下的云和降水与其它地区相比有一些独特的情形,中-y尺度暴雨就是特征鲜明的一类,由此系统引发的降水突发性较强,常造成灾害.利用常规高空资料、卫星资料、加密乡镇雨量站资料和新一代多普勒雷达资料,对2010年7月13日云南昭通小河镇灾害性天气分析发现:短时性、高强度,在降水开始的1 h左右就达到暴雨量级,是此次过程的降水特点;中低层风向辐合、高冷低暖、整层潮湿,低层偏南暖湿气流输送水汽及对流不稳定能量堆积,以及边界层辐合线的触发提供了中尺度天气背景;强中尺度对流系统(MCS)是此次暴雨形成的云图中尺度特征;多普勒雷达观测资料分析表明,镶嵌在中-β尺度上的中-γ尺度单体为形成强降水的直接影响系统,该类系统以"单体合并型"和"自壮大升尺度型"居多,且"单体合并型"占较大比例;单体组织化合并可能是部分这类暴雨的触发与维持机制之一.     

Air quality impact of the coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the China West-East Power Transmission Project

This paper analyzes the air quality impacts of coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the West-East Power Transmission Project in China. A three-layer Lagrangian model called ATMOS, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of incremental sulfur dioxide (SO2) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentrations under different emission control scenarios. In the year 2005, the emissions from planned power plants mainly affected the air quality of Shanxi, Shaanxi, the common boundary of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and the area around the boundary between Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. In these areas, the annually averaged incremental SO2 and PM10 concentrations exceed 2 and 2.5 microg/m3, respectively. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations are 8.3 and 7.2 microg/m3, respectively, which occur around Hancheng city, near the boundary of the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. After integrated control measures are considered, the maximum increases of annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations fall to 4.9 and 4 microg/m3, respectively. In the year 2010, the areas affected by planned power plants are mainly North Shaanxi, North Ningxia, and Northwest Shanxi. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10, concentrations are, respectively, 6.3 and 5.6 microg/m3, occurring in Northwest Shanxi, which decline to 4.4 and 4.1 microg/m3 after the control measures are implemented. The results showed that the proposed power plants mainly affect the air quality of the region where the power plants are built, with little impact on East China where the electricity will be used. The influences of planned power plants on air quality will be decreased greatly by implementing integrated control measures.