Regional NOx emission inversion through a four-dimensional variational approach using SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 column observations

In this paper, the NOx emission scaling factors applied over the 2001 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) are estimated through a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) approach using SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) tropospheric NO₂ columns measured during summer 2004. In the “top-down” approach, two-month average NO₂ columns are assimilated into a regional chemical transport model (CTM), STEM, using different assimilation setups. In a basic setup, NOx emissions are adjusted by assimilating the NO₂ columns. A more general setup of emission inversion allows the initial O₃ concentrations be adjusted along with the NOx emissions. A final case is set up to assimilate both the NO₂ columns and O₃ measurement from various platforms while allowing adjustments of both the NOx emissions and the initial O₃ concentrations. It is found that the addition of O₃ measurements did not improve the NOx emission inversion. With the NOx emission at surface and upper levels being adjusted separately, results from four cases show that the elevated NOx emission reduction ranges from 8.9% to 11.4%, and the surface NOx emission reduction is up to 6.6%. All the cases show NOx emission reduction in Ohio valley and Washington, District of Columbia areas.     

清洁生产思维下的环境影响评价程序

我国的项目环境影响评价是在建设项目的可行性研究阶段进行的,评价的重点放在污染防治设施的规模、资金和性能上,提出的治理措施是通过“三同时”制度保证实施。很明显,项目环境影响评价制度追求的是“末端治理”设施的功效是否得以实现,污染物是否达标排放,而忽视了主体生产工程本身的环保措施及生产过程中消减污染物的潜力和机会,即清洁生产的机会。基于项目环境影响评价的上述不足,阐述了清洁生产的概念及实施意义,分析了清洁生产观念对环境影响评价的影响,即对建设项目的环境影响评价应扩大到项目的立项到实施全过程,对产品设计、原材料选用、工艺设计、技术选择和能源消耗等等方面进行清洁生产审计,发现潜在的清洁生产机会并提出相应的清洁生产措施,同时通过“三同时”制度建立了清洁生产思维下的环境影响评价程序,发展了立足于清洁生产审计的环境影响评价方法。     

玉米淀粉废水的处理技术

本文介绍玉米淀粉废水的特性,废水处理工艺路线,工艺设计中应着重考虑的问题及设计参数的选择。     

CaO2不同投加方式对底泥磷释放的抑制效果分析

利用CaO₂进行底泥修复,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了2种不同的CaO₂投加方式(混匀和覆盖)上覆水活性磷酸盐(SRP)的变化趋势,并通过底泥磷形态之间的转变来分析其不同效果的原因.结果表明,混匀条件和覆盖条件下上覆水的SRP浓度呈现2种不同的变化趋势,前者先降低后增加而后者则持续降低,平均释放速率分别为6.077 mg/(m²·d)和-0.879mg/(m²·d).底泥磷的分级提取实验结果表明,铁磷的不同变化趋势是CaO₂投加方式引起底泥磷释放不同效果的内在原因.     

A high activity of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode in the electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution was investigated over Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode. The factors influencing the degradation rate, such as applied current density (2-40 mA/cm²), pH (3-11) and initial concentration (5-200 mg/L) were evaluated. The degradation of 2,4-DCP followed apparent pseudo first-order kinetics. The degradation ratio on Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode attained > 99.9% after 20 min of electrolysis at initial 5-200 mg/L concentrations at a constant current density of 30 mA/cm² with a 10 mmol/L sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) supporting electrolyte solution. The results showed that 2,4-DCP (100 mg/L) degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal ratio achieved 99.9% and 92.8%, respectively, at the optimal conditions after 30 min electrolysis. Under this condition, the degradation rate constant (k) and the degradation half-life (t_1/2) were 0.21 min^-1 and (2.8±0.2) min, respectively. Mainly carboxylic acids (propanoic acid, maleic acid, propanedioic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were detected as intermediates. The energy efficiencies for 2,4-DCP degradation (5-200 mg/L) with Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode ranged from 0.672 to 1.602 g/kWh. The Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode with a high activity to rapid organic oxidation could be employed to degrade chlorophenols, particularly 2,4-DCP in wastewater.     

染料对环境的影响及生物处理技术进展

从染料在环境中的归趋开始，综述了染料的生物处理技术，认为生物吸附，生物絮凝处理，以及筛同效“广谱”脱色菌，厌氧－好氧处理，固定化技术是发展的热点。     

Use of waste ash from palm oil industry in concrete

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product from the palm oil industry, is disposed of as waste in landfills. In this study, POFA was utilized as a pozzolan in concrete. The original size POFA (termed OP) was ground until the median particle sizes were 15.9 microm (termed MP) and 7.4 microm (termed SP). Portland cement Type I was replaced by OP, MP, and SP of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of binder. The properties of concrete, such as setting time, compressive strength, and expansion due to magnesium sulfate attack were investigated. The results revealed that the use of POFA in concretes caused delay in both initial and final setting times, depending on the fineness and degree of replacement of POFA. The compressive strength of concrete containing OP was much lower than that of Portland cement Type I concrete. Thus, OP is not suitable to be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete. However, the replacement of Portland cement Type I by 10% of MP and 20% of SP gave the compressive strengths of concrete at 90 days higher than that of concrete made from Portland cement Type I. After being immersed in 5% of magnesium sulfate solution for 364 days, the concrete bar mixed with 30% of SP had the same expansion level as that of the concrete bar made from Portland cement Type V. The above results suggest that ground POFA is an excellent pozzolanic material and can be used as a cement replacement in concrete. It is recommended that the optimum replacement levels of Portland cement Type I by MP and SP are 20% and 30%, respectively.     

生活垃圾可持续化填埋

通过对中国填埋场现状分析,提出了"可持续填理"的概念.认为生活垃圾填埋场将从单纯的最终处置场所演变为填埋与中转相结合的场所.填埋场的可持续发展也将从两方面得到体现:一为垃圾降解过程及其副产品处理中以能量形式得到利用,另一方面为稳定化后的垃圾及填埋场本身空间得到再一次的利用.     

烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物堆肥混合施用对滨海盐渍土壤的改良

为克服烟气脱硫石膏改良盐碱地存在的土壤盐分升高、营养物质降低等不足,通过对不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥与适量烟气脱硫石膏混合施用,且开展了其对上海南汇滨海盐渍土的改良效应研究。结果表明:2种改良剂混合施用能显著降低滨海盐渍土pH和全盐含量,增加土壤营养物质含量和植物生物量,并提高植物对营养物质的吸收能力;与对照相比,当烟气脱硫石膏施用量为25 g·kg~(-1)时,土壤pH降低了10.9%,EC升高了8.4%,有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量分别降低了30.1%、 40.5%和36.1%,黑麦草发芽率下降了8.0%,植株内全氮、全钾含量均有所升高,但全磷含量减少了25.4%;混合施加不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥后,土壤pH降幅为6.8%～13.8%, EC降幅为4.2%～11.6%;土壤有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量增幅分别为96.0%～182.7%、40.0%～186.7%和71.7%～157.5%;黑麦草发芽率和生物量逐渐增加,在园林废弃物堆肥施用量为40%时,与对照处理相比,此时植物发芽率达到90.0%,总湿重、地上干重、株高和根长等分别增加了154.1%、100.0%、89.2%和103.6%,植株体内氮和钾含量分别增加了139.9%和40.8%,磷的含量则接近对照处理。通过分析可知,烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物混合施用可较好地改良滨海盐渍土壤,并为城市固废的适合处置方式和综合利用途径提供了参考。     

Application of a novel cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil

A novel and simple analytical procedure using cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction (CACF-SPME) was applied to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil samples. The pesticides in this study consist of α -, β -, γ -, and δ -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). By heating the sample while cooling the fiber, the developed method not only provides better performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and recovery but also offers shorter adsorption procedure than that of traditional headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The experimental conditions such as the amount of water, adsorption time and adsorption temperature were optimized. Matrix effects were investigated with different types of soils. We concluded that using the standard addition method was required for quantification purposes. The limits of detection obtained using the proposed method range from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g, and the recoveries for CACF-SPME are in the range of 80.01% to 89.68% with relative standard deviation (RSDs) better than 8.60%. The proposed method was further applied to determine OCs in real agricultural soil. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional ultrasonic extraction. The research demonstrates the suitability of the CACF-SPME for the analysis of OCs in soil.