Effects of Modified Starch and Different Molecular Weight Polyvinyl Alcohols on Biodegradable Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch Blends

The common biodegradable properties of polymer make them an excellent pair for blending, and the water solubility of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) makes it easy to mix evenly with the starch. In this study, PVAs with different molecular weights were blended with various compositions of cross-linked starch (CLS) to explore the effects of molecular weight of PVA on the biodegradable characteristics of the PVA/starch blends. Comparing the biodegradability of all the various PVA/starch blends, a PVA was singled out from the PVA/starch blends of higher biodegradability. Further, the chosen PVA was then blended with the acid-modified starch (AMS) to systematically investigate the effects of the modified processing of starch on the biodegradable characteristics of the PVA/starch blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of PVA and PVA/starch specimens reveal that the T_m values of PVA/starch specimens reduce gradually as their CLS or AMS contents increase. After the CLS is blended in PVAs of different molecular weights, the tensile strength (??_f) and elongation at break (??_f) values of (P₁₀₀S₀)G₂₀M₁ specimen increase and simultaneously reduce, respectively, as their molecular weights of PVA increase from about 80,000 (PVA_BF-17) to 120,000 (PVA_BF-26). The ??_f and ??_f values of the PVA/modified-starch blends decrease with an increase in the modified starch contents. The ??_f values of the PVA/AMS specimens decrease with an increase in the concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Comparing the ??_f values of the PVA/CLS specimens with those of the PVA/AMS specimens, the ??_f values of the PVA/CLS specimens are better than those of the PVA/AMS specimens. On the contrary, the ??_f values of the PVA/AMS specimens are better than those of the PVA/CLS specimens. According to the biodegradability of all the PVA/starch blends, PVA with higher molecular weights displays higher biodegradability. The biodegradability of the PVA/modified-starch blends increase as the modified starch contents of the PVA/modified-starch blends increase. As evidenced by the results of the biodegradability test, the biodegradability of the PVA/modified-starch blends, therein PVA is blended with 1N AMS, shows better biodegradability. The result of bio-reaction kinetics experiment can evaluate the decomposition tendency of the PVA/starch blends up to any biodegradable rate under ambient environment. Using the kinetic model of the first order reaction, it is estimated that 16.20?years and 12.47?years will be needed for the PVA_BF-17/starch blends, containing 20 and 40% of CLS respectively, to be degraded up to 70% under ambient environment. In addition, it is 1.68?years for the PVA_BF-26 blends with the 40% 2N AMS under decomposition environment while it is 1.94?years for the 40% 1N AMS. Overall, the decomposition potential of PVA/AMS specimens is better than PVA/CLS specimens. Furthermore, the 1N(26P₆₀AS₄₀)₁₀₀G₂₀M₁ specimen is coincidence the biodegradable material criteria of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan.     

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排关键因素分析研究

浙江省机动车主要污染物减排是＂十二五＂大气主要污染物减排的重要组成部分,为完成国家下达的机动车主要污染物减排目标,根据浙江省机动车保有量及污染物排放量现状,预测＂十二五＂期间机动车增长带来的污染物排放情况,着重分析影响浙江省机动车氮氧化物排放量的关键因素,并从淘汰＂黄标车＂、提高油品质量和加强管理等方面提出相应减排对策,分析浙江省机动车主要污染物的减排可达性。     

地理信息系统在环境安全中的应用与发展

随着社会的发展,环境安全的呼声日益高涨,信息时代的到来,使随之发展起来的地理信息系统成为解决环境问题的重要方法。从环境安全的角度出发,论述了地理信息系统在环境安全领域的应用及其在环境领域的发展。     

新型除氟剂竹炭的优选和改性方法实验研究

采用不同产地的竹炭进行除氟研究,分别进行了直接除氟和改性后除氟的效果比较。在水浴恒温振荡箱,振荡速度100 r/min,温度30件下,保持固液比0.03,反应1.5 h,处理初始氟浓度10 mg/L的溶液,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的直接除氟效果比其它地方的竹炭都好,其对氟去除率为47.8%。通过该竹炭的直接除氟工艺参数优化结果可知,pH是影响竹炭除氟的关键因素,最佳值为4;随着竹炭量的增大,氟离子的去除率明显上升;氟离子的初始浓度增大,竹炭的单位吸附量也逐渐上升;反应时间为90 min时,反应逐渐趋于平衡。选用Al2（SO4）3对竹炭进行改性后,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的除氟率有很大的上升;采用MgSO4改性后各类竹炭除氟效果均有所下降。采用Fe2（SO4）3改性后,氟离子的去除率达到91.8%,剩余浓度为0.82 mg/L,达到国家饮用水的标准。     

全国土壤污染状况调查样品采集质量保证

土壤污染危害巨大,它直接关系到人体健康、生态安全和农业可持续发展。目前中国土壤污染状况形势严峻,对全国各地土壤污染状况进行调查是一件意义重大而且势在必行的事情。土壤样品采集是土壤污染状况调查工作的重要组成部分,所采集的样品的代表性直接关系到调查工作的成效。质量保证对数据的准确性、精密性、可靠性和代表性有着十分重要的意义,因此土壤样品采集过程中应严格按照质量保证程序进行全过程质量控制。     

东北深源地震对黑龙江及邻近地区浅源地震的影响分析

1900年以来东北深源地震区6．0级以上深源地震与黑龙江及邻近地区5级左右浅源地震存在较好的对应关系。通过概率增益模型检验这种对应关系,发现并非随机对应,而是存在一定的内在物理联系。通过B分布函数的概率计算,预测2010年2月19日中俄交界6．5级地震后两年内,黑龙江及邻近地区发生5级左右地震的概率为0．58。     

A new method of inhibiting pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment by adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator

A new method of adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator can inhibit pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment effectively.     

美国大气挥发性有机物控制历程及对中国的启示

鉴于大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)对中国区域大气复合污染的重要影响,基于大量文献调研,从政策、法律法规、标准和管理手段等方面系统梳理了美国VOCs的控制历程,并从VOCs总量削减和O3浓度变化等角度评估了控制效果.研究表明:美国的VOCs控制体系是卓有成效的,1970年-2010年间共削减VOCs 1 551.4万吨,降幅为50.6％;而且,通过控制VOCs的排放实现了对臭氧(O3)污染协同控制的初衰.该研究结果对中国VOCs控制具有重要借鉴意义.     

Self-feedback LSTM regression model for real-time particle source apportionment

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