连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备的中试研究

近年来湖泊富营养化日益加重,各种除藻技术层出不穷,以机械捞藻法、滤网式收集法、排气分离式收集法等为代表的蓝藻收集方法迅速出现。为了进一步提高蓝藻的收集效率,开发了一种新型的连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备,以叶绿素a含量为主要指标,判断蓝藻去除效果。在进水泵频率30 Hz,进水压力0.11 MPa的条件下,每间隔30 min洗...     

Human hair as a potential biomonitor for assessing persistent organic pollutants

To explore human biomonitor of persistent organic pollutants (POP) for public health risk assessment, extractable organohalogens (EOX), extractable persistent organohalogens (EPOX) and some selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in children hair from urban and rural regions of Beijing, China, were measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The results indicated that about 96% of the total halogens existed as water-soluble polar compounds; about 25 to 50% of EOX were sulfuric acid-resistant EPOX; organochlorines were the major fraction of the organohalogens; and 88 to 99.6% of extractable persistent organochlorines (EPOCl) cannot be attributed to the selected OCP and PCB. HCH, DDT and 2-5CB were the major contributors to hair OCP and PCB. Further, gamma-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and PCB-52 were the predominant individuals of HCH, DDT and 2-5CB, respectively. The concentration distributions of EPOCl, HCH, DDT and PCB in children hair were generally in the order of urban>rural and girls>boys, except for PCB congeners with random distributions between genders. Pearson positive correlations between hair lipid and the detected parameters of hair gamma-HCH (p<0.01), DDT (p<0.01), EOCl (p<0.05), as well as EPOCl (p<0.05) were observed. Also, the ratios of hair alpha/gamma and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT suggested that fresh input of HCH and DDT might exist in Beijing area. Hair can reflect body's integral exposure to POP from endogenous and exogenous sources, which, thus, can be used as a potential biomonitor in assessing POP exposure for public health purposes.     

石油加工过程的环境影响后评价

我国的石油加工过程环境影响评价工作属于前期预测评价,存在一定的局限性。目前,石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作尚处于探索发展阶段。本文主要介绍了石油加工过程及其环境影响后评价的概念,分析了石油加工过程的主要环境影响,详述了石油加工过程环境影响后评价的程序、内容及评价指标,并结合实例加以说明。最后指出,开展石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作势在必行。     

Regional NOx emission inversion through a four-dimensional variational approach using SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 column observations

In this paper, the NOx emission scaling factors applied over the 2001 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) are estimated through a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) approach using SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) tropospheric NO₂ columns measured during summer 2004. In the “top-down” approach, two-month average NO₂ columns are assimilated into a regional chemical transport model (CTM), STEM, using different assimilation setups. In a basic setup, NOx emissions are adjusted by assimilating the NO₂ columns. A more general setup of emission inversion allows the initial O₃ concentrations be adjusted along with the NOx emissions. A final case is set up to assimilate both the NO₂ columns and O₃ measurement from various platforms while allowing adjustments of both the NOx emissions and the initial O₃ concentrations. It is found that the addition of O₃ measurements did not improve the NOx emission inversion. With the NOx emission at surface and upper levels being adjusted separately, results from four cases show that the elevated NOx emission reduction ranges from 8.9% to 11.4%, and the surface NOx emission reduction is up to 6.6%. All the cases show NOx emission reduction in Ohio valley and Washington, District of Columbia areas.     

清洁生产思维下的环境影响评价程序

我国的项目环境影响评价是在建设项目的可行性研究阶段进行的,评价的重点放在污染防治设施的规模、资金和性能上,提出的治理措施是通过“三同时”制度保证实施。很明显,项目环境影响评价制度追求的是“末端治理”设施的功效是否得以实现,污染物是否达标排放,而忽视了主体生产工程本身的环保措施及生产过程中消减污染物的潜力和机会,即清洁生产的机会。基于项目环境影响评价的上述不足,阐述了清洁生产的概念及实施意义,分析了清洁生产观念对环境影响评价的影响,即对建设项目的环境影响评价应扩大到项目的立项到实施全过程,对产品设计、原材料选用、工艺设计、技术选择和能源消耗等等方面进行清洁生产审计,发现潜在的清洁生产机会并提出相应的清洁生产措施,同时通过“三同时”制度建立了清洁生产思维下的环境影响评价程序,发展了立足于清洁生产审计的环境影响评价方法。     

埋地聚乙烯燃气管道基于失效模式的全面检验关键技术及工程应用

PE管道固有较高的性价比,广泛应用在能源、燃气等工程中,但因其焊接接头质量难以检测、位置探查难度大,使PE管道的安全状况难以控制,导致泄漏等事故。基于PE管材的失效模式,参照钢质管道的检验经验,中国特种设备检测研究院研究确定了PE管道基于失效模式的全面检验关键技术,并围绕关键技术开展了多项研究,取得了一系列科研成果,如：PE管焊接质量超声相控阵动态聚焦和B扫查成像检测、探地雷达、泄漏在线检测、老化及安全评价、风险评估方法等。这些系列成果,在新疆、青海、内蒙古、宁夏等城市PE燃气管网中得到了有效应用,检验出多项安全隐患,为城市燃气的安全提供了保障,为今后全面开展PE管线检验,提供了成功经验。     

玉米淀粉废水的处理技术

本文介绍玉米淀粉废水的特性,废水处理工艺路线,工艺设计中应着重考虑的问题及设计参数的选择。     

g-C3N4/Cu2O/CF电极制备及在微生物燃料电池中的应用

为了提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能,采用电沉积法将石墨态氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)与氧化亚铜(Cu_2O)负载到碳毡(Carbon felt,CF)表面,制得g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF光电极用于构建微生物燃料电池.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、光生电流曲线(I-T)、线性扫描伏安曲线(LSV)对光电阴极进行光电性能测试,并在白光发光二极管(LED)辐照下研究了以Cu_2O/CF、g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF为阴极光催化微生物燃料电池的产电性能.结果表明,g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF电极中g-C_3N_4分布在Cu_2O之间;g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF光电极能提高光利用率,与Cu_2O/CF光电极相比,光电流密度达到2700 mA·m~(-2),增长幅度达到125%;与Cu_2O/CF阴极微生物燃料电池相比,g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF阴极微生物燃料电池具有更优的产电能力,在白光LED辐照下最大功率密度和光电流密度达到110.7 mW·m~(-2)和1102 mA·m~(-2),增长幅度达到16%和27%.     

曝气生物滤池在脱氮除磷工艺中的应用

对曝气生物滤池的主要特点进行分析 ,介绍了曝气生物滤池进行脱氮除磷的工艺 ,着重对PASF脱氮除磷工艺的原理、特点进行阐述 ,提出结合活性污泥与曝气生物滤池进行生物脱氮除磷工艺 ,能成功解决常规脱氮与除磷的泥龄矛盾、反硝化与聚磷菌厌氧释磷的矛盾 ,提出各种组合工艺为曝气生物滤池在污水处理中应用提供广阔的应用前景