石油加工过程的环境影响后评价

我国的石油加工过程环境影响评价工作属于前期预测评价,存在一定的局限性。目前,石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作尚处于探索发展阶段。本文主要介绍了石油加工过程及其环境影响后评价的概念,分析了石油加工过程的主要环境影响,详述了石油加工过程环境影响后评价的程序、内容及评价指标,并结合实例加以说明。最后指出,开展石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作势在必行。     

Application of a novel cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil

A novel and simple analytical procedure using cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction (CACF-SPME) was applied to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil samples. The pesticides in this study consist of α -, β -, γ -, and δ -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). By heating the sample while cooling the fiber, the developed method not only provides better performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and recovery but also offers shorter adsorption procedure than that of traditional headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The experimental conditions such as the amount of water, adsorption time and adsorption temperature were optimized. Matrix effects were investigated with different types of soils. We concluded that using the standard addition method was required for quantification purposes. The limits of detection obtained using the proposed method range from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g, and the recoveries for CACF-SPME are in the range of 80.01% to 89.68% with relative standard deviation (RSDs) better than 8.60%. The proposed method was further applied to determine OCs in real agricultural soil. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional ultrasonic extraction. The research demonstrates the suitability of the CACF-SPME for the analysis of OCs in soil.     

运城市水污染控制与污水资源化对策

水环境污染与水资源紧缺是制约运城市建设与发展的两大重要因素。分析了运城市水污染现状与特征,提出了通过调整产业结构与布局、建立与完善地方法规和政策支持体系、加强综合协调与监督管理、加大科技投入及完善市场化运行机制等手段和措施防治与控制运城市水污染,实现污水资源化。     

不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷规律研究

针对雨水径流污染冲刷模型中降雨强度与污染物冲刷存在的时间差问题,采用有效降雨强度替代降雨强度,建立了径流污染物冲刷模型,并利用建立的模型对不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷进行了模拟。结果表明,模型对SS、COD、TN和TP模拟的相关系数R2平均为0.87、0.81、0.93和0.89,具有较高的模拟精度。SS、COD、TN和TP的冲刷系数分别为0.77、0.66、0.92和0.74 mm-1,TN的冲刷系数略高,但总体相差不大。SS、COD、TN和TP均显示了较强的初期冲刷效应,在有效降雨强度为4 mm时,截留初期雨水径流量的35%~40%,即可控制70%以上雨水径流污染物。建立的模型可应用于研究不透水表面的雨水径流污染物冲刷规律,为雨水径流污染物控制提供理论计算依据。     

Air Quality Impact of the Coal-Fired Power Plants in the Northern Passageway of the China West-East Power Transmission Project

Abstract

This paper analyzes the air quality impacts of coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the West-East Power Transmission Project in China. A three-layer Lagrangian model called ATMOS, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of incremental sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations under different emission control scenarios. In the year 2005, the emissions from planned power plants mainly affected the air quality of Shanxi, Shaanxi, the common boundary of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and the area around the boundary between Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. In these areas, the annually averaged incremental SO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations exceed 2 and 2.5 µg/m3, respectively. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations are 8.3 and 7.2 µg/m³, respectively, which occur around Hancheng city, near the boundary of the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. After integrated control measures are considered, the maximum increases of annually averaged SO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations fall to 4.9 and 4 µg/m³, respectively. In the year 2010, the areas affected by planned power plants are mainly North Shaanxi, North Ningxia, and Northwest Shanxi. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations are, respectively, 6.3 and 5.6 µg/m³, occurring in Northwest Shanxi, which decline to 4.4 and 4.1 µg/m³ after the control measures are implemented. The results showed that the proposed power plants mainly affect the air quality of the region where the power plants are built, with little impact on East China where the electricity will be used. The influences of planned power plants on air quality will be decreased greatly by implementing integrated control measures.     

连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备的中试研究

近年来湖泊富营养化日益加重,各种除藻技术层出不穷,以机械捞藻法、滤网式收集法、排气分离式收集法等为代表的蓝藻收集方法迅速出现。为了进一步提高蓝藻的收集效率,开发了一种新型的连续式自清洁蓝藻收集设备,以叶绿素a含量为主要指标,判断蓝藻去除效果。在进水泵频率30 Hz,进水压力0.11 MPa的条件下,每间隔30 min洗...     

Quantitative assessment of variability and uncertainty of hazardous trace element (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contents in Chinese coals by using bootstrap simulation

The quantitative measurements of uncertainties regarding the contents of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) serve as a basis for better assessment of the geochemistry and mineralogical characteristics of coals and their environmental impacts. In this paper, by using bootstrap simulation methodology, a quantitative procedure was demonstrated to characterize the variability and uncertainty of HTE (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contents in Chinese coals, which were specified by 27 different provinces and mining areas. Original data samples for Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in Chinese coals were compiled and summarized from the results reported in published literature. Sampling distributions for uncertainties in statistics such as the mean, median, and confidence interval were calculated. The national average contents were estimated at approximately 0.61 microg/g for Cd, 30.37 microg/g for Cr, and 23.04 microg/g for Pb. The ranges of uncertainties for bootstrap samples of national HTE contents were nearly symmetrical, and the ranges of the 95% confidence interval for the arithmetic mean were relatively small, with relative uncertainties of -16.39% to +21.31% for Cd, -10.11% to +11.72% for Cr, and -8.55% to +8.64% for Pb. This shows that the arithmetic mean contents f HHTEs in Chinese coals are higher in southern provinces than those in northern provinces, obviously differing because of different coal basins. The high values of HTE contents occur in provinces such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hubei, and Guangxi. Provinces with low contents are located in northwestern China and include Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia; this can be mainly attributed to the medium moisture content, low ash, and low sulfur content in coals. Several provinces with high HTE contents such as Ningxia for Cd, Guangdong for Cr, and Shaanxi for Pb may be associated with the representativeness of the original data samples.     

矿化垃圾反应床处理垃圾渗滤液出水中的水溶性有机物

以矿化垃圾反应床处理垃圾渗滤液出水(以下简称尾水)为研究对象,采用国际上最常用的树脂联用法,对其进行梯度分离表征.研究结果表明,憎水性腐殖质对尾水COD和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的贡献分别为42.55%和45.12%,准亲水性物质对尾水中COD和DOC的贡献分别为34.89%和37.14%,憎水性腐殖质和准亲水性物质是尾水中水溶性有机物(DOM)的重要组成部分.近紫外区域吸光度分析发现,尾水中含有大量带共轭双键或苯环的有机物质,这些物质从尾水中去除后,尾水在近紫外区域的吸光度明显下降.分子量分布显示.尾水中DOM的分子量主要集中在2 000 u以下.元素分析和红外光谱结果显示,胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)带有苯环结构,存在醇羟基或酚羟基及羧酸官能团;准亲水性物质含有较多的羧酸官能团,另外存在一定置的羟基官能团,同时还可能含有三键和双键的结构.     

Regional NOx emission inversion through a four-dimensional variational approach using SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 column observations

In this paper, the NOx emission scaling factors applied over the 2001 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) are estimated through a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) approach using SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) tropospheric NO₂ columns measured during summer 2004. In the “top-down” approach, two-month average NO₂ columns are assimilated into a regional chemical transport model (CTM), STEM, using different assimilation setups. In a basic setup, NOx emissions are adjusted by assimilating the NO₂ columns. A more general setup of emission inversion allows the initial O₃ concentrations be adjusted along with the NOx emissions. A final case is set up to assimilate both the NO₂ columns and O₃ measurement from various platforms while allowing adjustments of both the NOx emissions and the initial O₃ concentrations. It is found that the addition of O₃ measurements did not improve the NOx emission inversion. With the NOx emission at surface and upper levels being adjusted separately, results from four cases show that the elevated NOx emission reduction ranges from 8.9% to 11.4%, and the surface NOx emission reduction is up to 6.6%. All the cases show NOx emission reduction in Ohio valley and Washington, District of Columbia areas.     

Use of waste ash from palm oil industry in concrete

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product from the palm oil industry, is disposed of as waste in landfills. In this study, POFA was utilized as a pozzolan in concrete. The original size POFA (termed OP) was ground until the median particle sizes were 15.9 microm (termed MP) and 7.4 microm (termed SP). Portland cement Type I was replaced by OP, MP, and SP of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of binder. The properties of concrete, such as setting time, compressive strength, and expansion due to magnesium sulfate attack were investigated. The results revealed that the use of POFA in concretes caused delay in both initial and final setting times, depending on the fineness and degree of replacement of POFA. The compressive strength of concrete containing OP was much lower than that of Portland cement Type I concrete. Thus, OP is not suitable to be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete. However, the replacement of Portland cement Type I by 10% of MP and 20% of SP gave the compressive strengths of concrete at 90 days higher than that of concrete made from Portland cement Type I. After being immersed in 5% of magnesium sulfate solution for 364 days, the concrete bar mixed with 30% of SP had the same expansion level as that of the concrete bar made from Portland cement Type V. The above results suggest that ground POFA is an excellent pozzolanic material and can be used as a cement replacement in concrete. It is recommended that the optimum replacement levels of Portland cement Type I by MP and SP are 20% and 30%, respectively.