燃煤型砷中毒的最低有效累积暴露剂量初探

以陕南燃煤型砷中毒病区的5个自然村为调查采样点,通过现场流行病学调查和环境样品的分析测定,分析砷暴露人群的砷暴露途径,估算各暴露途径(呼吸、饮水和食物)的暴露剂量及对总暴露的贡献率,探讨引发燃煤型地方性砷中毒发病的最低有效暴露剂量。研究结果表明,除对照村外,采暖季各村的烤火间和卧室空气砷含量均有不同程度的超标,水和粮食未受燃煤砷污染。在采暖季,高砷煤燃烧污染的空气是人群砷暴露的主要来源;在非采暖季消化道砷暴露是各村的主要摄砷途径;表明消化道暴露对累积砷暴露的贡献不容忽视。结合问卷调查和流行病学调查结果,估算陕南病区引发燃煤型砷中毒的最低累积暴露剂量在1 712 mg左右。     

燃煤型砷中毒病区尿砷甲基化代谢和砷致皮肤损伤危险度的关系初探

砷中毒具有特异的皮肤损伤特征。为了研究燃煤型砷中毒病区高砷暴露、人体甲基化代谢能力与皮肤损伤患病风险之间的关系,在陕南典型燃煤型砷中毒村进行了皮肤损伤诊断和流行病学调查,采集尿样并分析总砷及形态砷含量,同时计算了用于表征人体砷甲基化代谢能力的指标包括尿中无机砷、一甲基砷和二甲基砷占总砷的百分含量(i As%、MMA%、DMA%),以及一甲基化率(PMI=MMA/i As)和二甲基化率(SMI=DMA/MMA)。Logistic回归分析结果表明:尿总砷含量(UTAs)是砷致皮肤损伤的危险因素(OR=1.038,95%CI:1.003~1.073),二甲基砷百分含量和SMI是皮肤损伤的保护因素(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.798~0.976;OR=0.724,95%CI:0.535~0.978);且砷致皮肤损伤的危险度随砷暴露水平的增高和甲基化能力的降低而增大。     

贵州万山汞矿地区耐汞野生植物研究

在贵州万山地区废弃汞矿堆和矿山附近,受长期高剂量汞暴露的影响经过的自然选择,该地区出现了一些能耐受汞毒性的生态型植物。对汞耐受及汞富集植物的筛选对于汞污染土壤的植物修复具有一定的现实意义。通过对万山梅子溪地区汞污染土壤及汞耐受植物采样调查发现,该区域采样土壤中汞的含量均在50 mg·kg-1以上,达到重度汞污染水平。对该地区野生植物的采样分析发现,蔷薇科植物悬钩子不仅数量较多,单株植物生物量较大,表现出很强的耐汞毒性的能力,而且植株内可以很大程度地富集汞,在其植株中汞的含量可达20 mg·kg-1左右,属于汞富集植物,另外发现野蒿对汞也具有较强的富集能力,其植株中汞的含量可达10 mg·kg-1以上。该类型植物的发现将为植物的汞耐受以及汞富集机理研究提供新的素材,为汞污染土壤的植物修复技术提供新的植物类型,也为进一步开发汞污染土壤处理技术提供了一种可能。     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

Utilization of solidified phosphogypsum as Portland cement retarder

The utilization of the phosphogypsum (PG) as cement retarder is both an economical and an ecological approach to treat this solid waste. Cement using raw PG as retarder has two problems pressing for solution,namely, delaying the setting time and difficulty being fed into the cement mill. The soluble phosphates in PG behave as super-retarder and bring about retarding in the setting process of cement made with PG. Two types of solidified phosphogypsum (SPG) were prepared to solve those two problems. The strength and the water stability of the SPG were good enough to ensure that they may be conveyed easily and fed into the cement mill stably. The cements with SPG had a similar setting time and strength as cement made with natural gypsum (NG). The microstructure of two kinds of SPG were observed with SEM. During factory application of SPG, good techniques and economic benefits were obtained.     

用钢管酸洗废水生产聚合硫酸铁技术的研究和应用

为了解决钢管酸洗废水污染环境和浪费资源难题,可用其生产聚合硫酸铁,从而实现循环经济。采用蒸发浓缩和催化聚合反应实现聚合硫酸铁的生成。其产品质量达《净水剂聚合硫酸铁》标准,可作为絮凝剂使用。研究和实践证明,用钢管酸洗废水制备聚合硫酸铁是可行的,具有明显的经济效益和环境效益,值得推广。     

Stabilization of Cd-, Pb-, Cu- and Zn-contaminated calcareous agricultural soil using red mud: a field experiment

Red mud (RM) was used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils. Experiments with two different dosages of RM added to soils were carried out in this study. It was found that soil pH increased 0.3 and 0.5 unit with the dosage of 3 and 5% (wt%), respectively. At the dosage of 5%, the highest stabilization efficiencies for Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn reached 67.95, 64.21, 43.73 and 63.73%, respectively. The addition of RM obviously transferred Cd from the exchangeable fraction to the residual fraction. Meanwhile, in comparison with the control (no RM added), it reduced 24.38, 49.20, 19.42 and 8.89% of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in wheat grains at the RM addition dosage of 5%, respectively. At the same time, the yield of wheat grains increased 17.81 and 24.66% at the RM addition dosage of 3 and 5%, respectively. Finally, the addition of RM did not change the soil bacterial community. These results indicate that RM has a great potential in stabilizing heavy metals in calcareous agricultural soils.

     

氟离子慢性暴露对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应研究

氟元素以不同的结合形式广泛存在于自然界中,适量氟的摄取有益于龋齿预防和骨骼发育,然而过量氟的摄取会对动物及人体健康造成危害。近年来,大量的人类活动导致水环境中氟含量持续升高。为探究水域氟污染对中国林蛙的毒性影响,本研究以中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)胚胎为试验材料,对卵黄栓期(G12期)胚胎进行了0、0.7、4.2、19.4、42.8 mg·L~(-1)F-慢性水体暴露直至胚胎发育到变态高峰期(G42期)的研究。分别于暴露25 d和40 d后取样测定了蝌蚪全长、体长、体重和发育分期;此外,分析了F-慢性暴露对变态率、G42期蝌蚪的全长、体长、体重和后肢长以及G42期蝌蚪骨骼发育的影响。结果表明:暴露25 d时,4.2 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组促进了林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育,而42.8 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组显著抑制了蝌蚪的生长发育;暴露40 d时,19.4 mg·L~(-1)F-和42.8 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组蝌蚪的生长发育均受到显著抑制。持续进行慢性暴露78 d后,4.2 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组蝌蚪的变态率显著升高,而42.8 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组蝌蚪的变态率受到了显著抑制。此外,42.8 mg·L~(-1)F-处理组G42期蝌蚪形态指标(全长、体长和后肢长)以及骨骼发育均受到抑制。依据G42期中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育指标和变态率为观察指标,氟离子慢性暴露对中国林蛙蝌蚪的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.7 mg·L~(-1)。研究表明,水环境中高浓度的氟污染会对中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育、变态和骨骼发育等造成潜在的不利影响,水体氟污染的生态毒性效应理应引起高度重视。     

绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用技术

运用生态学原理设计绿色建筑小区已逐渐成为潮流,节水与水资源利用的问题正日益受到关注。绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用技术集成优化了小区雨水收集与分散处理系统、雨水集中收集与处理系统、雨水渗透系统等技术,具有投资省、处理效果好、管理方便等优点,适合为今后的绿色建筑小区雨水资源化综合利用建设参考。     

佳木斯市粉煤灰资源综合利用可行性分析

通过分析佳木斯市粉煤灰的产生量和主要用途,探讨粉煤灰综合利用的方法及原理,从而解决佳木斯市粉煤灰对环境的影响,变废为宝,实现固体废弃物的减量化、资源化、无害化.目的是解决建筑的填埋造成土地的不可复耕,破坏生态和粉煤灰的填埋产生的渗滤液对地下水的威胁.使固体废物综合利用项目可以收到良好的社会效益、经济效益、环境效益,阐述在佳木斯市投资粉煤灰综合利用项目的的可行性.