基于资源-技术-环境的高技术城市矿产战略性筛选

城市矿产中蕴含大量的高技术矿产,它们是战略性新兴产业发展的关键原材料。本文从中国国情出发,界定了涵盖新能源技术、通讯设备、交通工具、电池、电器电子产品等5大类共计27种高技术城市矿产,从资源、技术、环境三个维度设计了11项指标,对高技术城市矿产进行战略性筛选;并通过半定量化不确定性分析方法确定研究结果的可靠性。结果显示:(1)从资源-技术两维度看,电器电子产品用电池资源指数高,且技术相对成熟;动力汽车电池资源指数值略低,但未来开发潜力大。(2)从资源-环境两维度看,电池是拆解处置重点。(3)从资源-技术-环境三维度来看,高技术城市矿产可以分为四个梯队:高资源指数、高技术指数、高环境指数的"三高"梯队,包括EEE用镍氢电池、EEE用镍镉电池、EEE用锂离子电池;中高资源指数、中高技术指数、中高环境指数的"三中高"梯队,包括手机和动力汽车电池;低资源指数、低技术指数、中高环境指数的"二低一中高"梯队,包括风涡轮机、荧光灯、动力汽车永磁电机和电话机;资源指数、技术指数、环境指数都相对较低的"三低"梯队,包括电器电子产品和光伏电板。此外,随着时间的推移,筛选结果会发生动态变化,因此高技术城市矿产的战略性筛选是一个持续动态的评估过程,需要建立与之相适应的"开发一批、储备一批、谋划一批"的动态管理系统。基于研究结论,本文从高技术城市矿产的基础数据库建立、重点开发目录制定与调整、在线回收与交易平台构建、拆解技术储备以及可持续供应体系建立等方面提出了建议。     

张家口坝上地区环境与经济协调发展浅析

张家口坝上地区自然条件较差,是河北省及全国范围内经济发展为落后的地区,,发展经济与改善环境是本区所面临的两大难题。本文对其经济与环境间的相互影响进行了分析,并以可持续发展为理论基础,提出了开发水资源,发展灌溉农业,实现粮食稳定自给和退耕还牧,改善生态环境的发展对策。     

合肥城郊典型排水沟渠沉积物磷形态及其释放风险

为弄清合肥市城郊排水沟渠-关镇河水体沉积物磷赋存形态及其污染特征,于2013年9月-2014年6月,在沟渠上选取8个采样点,逐月采集水样和表层沉积物样,解析沉积物的磷赋存形态及其时空变化特征,并对磷的潜在释放风险进行分析。结果表明:关镇河水体氮、磷污染严重;沉积物中TP含量处于1430.10~1941.26 mg/kg范围,平均为1734.42 mg/kg;沉积物各形态磷含量由高到低排序为:OP > Fe-P > Ca-P > De-P > Al-P > Oc-P > Ex-P;生物有效性磷平均值为464.01 mg/kg,占TP的26.81%;广义生物有效性磷的平均含量为1226.92 mg/kg,占TP的71.00%;PSI变化范围为18.31~69.96 mg P/(100 g)·(μmol/L),且沉积物磷释放风险春夏季高于秋冬季。     

Relationship between electron donor and microorganism on the dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by an anaerobic enrichment culture

An investigation involving the supplement of different concentrations of substrates and microorganisms was carried out under anaerobic condition to assess the feasibility of bioremediation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) with the amendment of low concentrations of auxiliary substrate and microorganisms. The concentrations of substrate and microorganisms ranged from 10 to 100 mg/l and from 3.7 × 10⁴ to 3.7 × 10⁶ cell/ml, respectively. The biotransformation rate of CCl₄ increased progressively with the increase in the concentrations of the substrate and microorganisms. In the low biomass-amended system (3.7 × 10⁴cells/ml), 28–71% and 57–96% of CCl₄ removals were exhibited when 10–100 mg/l of acetate or glucose was supplemented, respectively, whereas nearly complete degradation of CCl₄ was observed in the heavily inoculated systems (3.7 × 10⁶ cells/ml). An addition of electron donor in the low microbial activity batches enhanced greater efficiency in dechlorination than in the high microbial activity batches. The second-order rate constants ranged from 0.0059 to 0.0092 l/mg/day in high biomass input system, while a two- to four-fold increase in rate constant was obtained in the low microbial activity system. This study indicates that biomass was the more important environmental parameter than substrate affecting the fate of CCl₄. The addition of auxiliary substrates was effective only in low biomass-amended batches (0.56 mg-VSS/l) and diminished inversely with the increase of microbial concentration.     

NOM characteristics and treatabilities of ozonation processes

The objectives of this study were intended to evaluate the effects of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the treatabilities of ozonation, coagulation, filtration, and granular activated carbon processes. The ultra-violet absorbance (UV254) was used as a surrogate parameter to assess each process in reducing the disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP). The results indicate that the DBPFP varies with the sources of water samples and treatment processes, but is closely related to the measurement of UV254/DOC. Coagulation/sedimentation can eliminate large molecular weight organic fractions. Both pre- and post-ozonation processes can reduce some of DBP precursors than the conventional treatment process, and are more reliable for reducing the overall DBPFP.     

污水土地处理技术研究的最新进展

本文以地下渗滤系统、慢速渗滤系统为例 ,介绍了污水土地处理技术研究的最新进展 ,指出加速污水土地处理技术产业化的进程必将大大促进我国的环境保护与生态建设工作 ,并带来巨大的环境、经济与社会效益。     

Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs

The role of bromide in the formation and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination was investigated. The molar ratio of applied chlorine to bromide is an important factor in the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenacetic acids (HAAs). A good relationship exists between the molar fractions of THMs and the bromide incorporation factor. The halogen substitution ability of HOBr and HOCl during the formation of THMs and HAAs can be determined based on probability theory. The formation of HAAs, and their respective concentrations, can also be estimated through use of the developed model.     

Utilization of agricultural waste corn cob for the preparation of carbon adsorbent

In the present study, a series of activated carbons were prepared from agricultural waste corn cob by chemical and physical activations with potassium hydroxide (KOH)/potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The effect of process variables such as impregnation ratio, impregnation time, activation temperature and soaking time of CO2 was studied in order to relate these preparation parameters with the physical properties of final carbon products. The resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. The surface areas and pore volumes of carbons were estimated by the BET equation, the Langmuir equation and the t-plot method. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the main parameters in the activation of corn cob were found to be the impregnation ratio and activation temperature. The soaking time of CO2 is another important variable, which had a strong effect on the pore volume development. The BET surface area and total pore volume were as large as about 2000 m2/g and about 1.0 cm3/g, respectively. This study showed that the activation of agricultural waste corn cob with KOH/K2CO3 and CO2 was suitable for the preparation of large-surface-area activated carbons.     

Predicting flocculant dosage in the drinking water treatment process using Elman neural network

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Predicting the flocculant dosage in the drinking water treatment process is essential for public health. However, due to the complexity of water...     

蒙脱石絮凝剂对疏浚底泥的絮凝快速分离

为了快速对污染的河道湖泊进行清淤,使用酸改性的蒙脱石絮凝剂(MTSF)对底泥泥水进行了一级强化处理研究。结果表明:MTSF对底泥泥水具有很好的絮凝效果,当MTSF为0.3 g时,上清液的Zeta电位大约为0 mV,浑浊的泥水变为清澈透明,此时浊度、NH_4~+-N、 TP、 SS和COD的去除率分别为98.8%、 29.8%、99.6%、97.7%和56.9%;C-PAM助凝剂的少量投加,有助于絮凝过程,MTSF为0.3 g,C-PAM为8 mg·L~(-1)时,上清液的浊度和COD将会进一步降低,分别从9.0 NTU和51.6 mg·L~(-1)减少到4.7 NTU和15.0 mg·L~(-1);C-PAM助凝剂能够将絮体进一步结团,形成更大的絮体,促进絮体的快速沉降,同时还有助于对水相中污染物的进一步去除。两者的结合可以减少MTSF用量,达到更好的效果。