船用钢板材料在淡水环境中初期腐蚀行为

目的研究船用钢板材料在长江淡水环境中的初期腐蚀行为。方法运用形貌分析、腐蚀质量损失、XRD、开路电位、极化曲线等方法研究Q235B和CCSA两种船用钢板材料在室外长江淡水环境中不同暴露方式(水面大气、半浸、全浸)及不同浸泡时间(0.5,1 a)腐蚀行为;室内长江淡水环境不同暴露方式(半浸、全浸)浸泡768 h内的腐蚀行为;室内长江淡水环境全浸泡下在不同时间(0~14 d)的电化学腐蚀行为。结果两种船用钢板材料在武汉长江淡水中腐蚀严重,半浸泡环境下腐蚀速率最大,达到100μm/a,水面区大气腐蚀速率最小,腐蚀速率为30μm/a左右,全浸区腐蚀速率为80μm/a左右,1 a和0.5 a的腐蚀速率相近,CCSA耐蚀性优于Q235B。室内长江淡水浸泡环境下两种船用钢板材料腐蚀电位随时间而降低,2d后趋于稳定;半浸泡环境下腐蚀速率大于全浸区;极化曲线说明浸泡2 d后,腐蚀速率降低且趋于稳定。结论 CCSA耐蚀性优于Q235B,半浸泡环境下腐蚀最严重,其次为全浸区,水面大气环境腐蚀最小。     

BiOCl/ZnMgAl-HTLCs复合材料光催化去除水中的甲基橙

以Mg(NO3)2·6H2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O、Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为主要原料,采用水热合成法,制备了Bi OCl/Zn Mg Al-HTLCs光催化剂,对其进行XRD、EDS、SEM、FT-IR、UV-Vis、TGA表征,并通过降解甲基橙(MO)实验,探究催化剂水热合成的p H、溶剂、温度对其光催化性能的影响.结果表明:Zn Mg Al-HTLCs改善了Bi OCl的分散性,Bi OCl/Zn Mg Al-HTLCs能够有效地催化去除水中的甲基橙,在p H=7.5、溶剂为水、T=140℃条件下,可见光催化活性最佳,光照60 min后对10 mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液(MO)的降解率均达到85%以上.综合表明,Bi OCl/Zn Mg Al-HTLCs是一种具有潜在应用前景的光催化剂.     

蜈蚣草中芘与砷的赋存特征及其相互作用

超富集植物蜈蚣草能够累积土壤环境中的砷,为探明蜈蚣草植株中芘的赋存特征及其与砷的相互作用,采用双光子激光共聚焦扫描显微技术检测观察芘在该植物中赋存和分布规律.结果表明,添加芘导致蜈蚣草各部位砷含量显著降低,其中叶部和茎部砷含量下降幅度达35%左右,根部砷含量减少20.5%.芘的添加使得植物各部位三价砷比例下降,五价砷比例升高,蜈蚣草叶部三价砷和五价砷赋存浓度下降幅度最大,下降幅度分别为42.2%和32.49%.添加砷可促进蜈蚣草根部和茎部中芘的积累,每株分别增加了9.8μg和139 ng,但对叶部中芘的积累无显著影响.芘主要分布于蜈蚣草细胞膜与细胞内部的细胞器膜结构及细胞核核膜附近,但细胞质中芘的含量较少,茎部韧皮部与皮层以及叶部栅栏组织和海绵组织中几乎没有检测到芘.     

富氧条件下等离子体协同改性NaY分子筛催化分解NO_x研究

用不同浓度的Cu、Ce和La离子交换Na Y分子筛,对比了不同改性条件下等离子体协同分解NO_x的性能.实验结果表明:Cu是NO_x催化分解的主要活性组分,对于8%Cu-Na Y催化剂,当放电电压为10 k V,放电功率为7.6 W时,NO_x转化率可达46.3%,反应产物中没有NO_2,只有11 ppm的N_2O.Ce的加入可以有效提高催化剂催化活性,对于5%Ce-8%Cu-NaY催化剂,当放电电压为7.8 kV,功率为3.6 W时,NO_x转化率可达67.3%.La的加入同样可以使催化剂活性上升,但不同La含量催化剂的NO_x转化率相差较小.     

闸控河段水质浓度影响关键因子识别

由于闸门调度对河道内的水环境要素具有强烈的扰动作用,故闸控河段的水质变化过程较常规河道更为复杂。为了探析引起闸控河段水质浓度变化的主要制约因素,以槐店闸为研究对象,结合笔者进行的2次实验和其他时期的监测数据,通过偏相关分析和主成分分析的方法识别影响闸控河段水质浓度变化的关键因子,并利用多元线性回归方法分析得到闸控河段水质浓度变化与其关键因子的多元线性回归方程。经过分析初步得到,与高锰酸盐指数浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、高锰酸盐指数来水浓度、溶解氧含量、流速和水深;与氨氮浓度变化率有关的关键因子为闸门开度、开启个数、氨氮来水浓度、溶解氧含量和p H值。     

改良SBR工艺实现生活污水除磷与半亚硝化

常温条件下(20~25℃),采用序批式反应器(SBR),应用改进后的运行策略:进水、厌氧搅拌、曝气搅拌、静置沉淀、排水、选择性排泥、污泥床缺氧搅拌,控制污泥龄为20d,溶解氧为0.2~0.5mg/L,实现单污泥系统同步除磷亚硝化的稳定运行.结果表明:总磷去除率为95.9%~97.1%,出水总磷浓度为0.1~0.4mg/L,好氧阶段氨氮去除容积负荷为0.242kg N/(m3·d),出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的比值约为1:1,可以为后续的厌氧氨氧化提供合适的进水.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

小型城市污水排放量预测模型研究——以楚雄市为例

针对小城市污水排放量历史数据较少,城市发展变化较大的特点,以楚雄市为例,提出了基于污水排放来源以及生成机理的预测方法。根据历史人口增长趋势以及城镇化率进行城区人口综合预测,运用定额法根据不同行业用水特点预测城市用水量,结合城市污水排放特点对楚雄市近期以及远期城市污水排放量进行科学合理的预测,并对预测结果进行了分析,可为城市发展规划提供决策参考。     

滇西北高原湖泊剑湖演变过程及其生态环境效应分析

以滇西北高原湖泊剑湖为研究区,1974—2015年间8期遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,研究剑湖湖泊近40年间的时空演变过程,探析剑湖湖泊的入湖污染物及其生态环境效应变化。结果表明:近40年来剑湖湖泊面积呈现先明显减少再增加后缓慢减少的变化规律,由1974年的504.47 hm~2减至2015年的451.72 hm~2;目前剑湖水体中COD含量较低,符合地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;TP含量满足Ⅲ类标准;TN含量仅可满足IV类标准;剑湖入湖的主要污染源是农村生活污染和农业面源污染;随着时间的演变剑湖湖泊TN、TP污染物浓度呈上升趋势,剑湖湖泊生态系统受到极大干扰。     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of >96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.