基于统计数据的滨海地区污染物入海通量计算方法研究与应用——以天津市为例

基于统计数据构建滨海地区点源（工业废水和生活污水）和非点源（农用土地径流和畜禽养殖）污染物通量计算方法,依据地理信息将污染物排放量划分至入海河流,引入入海系数表征污染物从排放到入海过程中的衰减,从而得到各河流的污染物入海通量。应用该方法计算了2000－2014年天津市总氮和总磷的入海通量,结果显示:天津市年均总氮入海量为9 940.7 t,年均总磷入海量为663.4 t;2012年总氮和总磷入海量均达到最大值,分别为12 304.1 t和830.0 t;2000年总氮和总磷入海量均为最小值,分别为7 604.1 t和494.0 t;天津市入海河流中,永定新河的污染物入海通量占比最大;总磷入海通量以农用土地径流和畜禽养殖来源较多,总氮入海通量的来源中点源和非点源各占一半;从污染来源区域分布来看,各区县污染物入海通量综合反映了人口数量、经济发展和污染治理等因素。保护天津市近岸海域环境,消减污染物入海通量,应该着重控制滨海新区的工业废水污染、海河区域的生活污水污染、永定新河区域的农用土地径流污染和畜禽养殖污染。     

低成本海水淡化集成技术探讨

海水淡化集成技术以低温多效蒸馏海水淡化为核心,联合热电与盐碱化工,形成"热-电-水-盐"四联产模式,实现淡水资源、海水资源以及能源的综合利用,大幅降低生产成本,并取得环保效益、社会效益。为未来向城市供水提供了一条现实可行的方案。     

基于CMIP5模式数据渭河流域近200年来径流变化

基于CMIP5模式输出的1850—2005年渭河流域17个站点的径流模数数据,采用线性回归、变差系数、小波分析及Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了渭河流域径流时空变化特征,探讨了径流变化的原因。结果表明：渭河流域径流的空间分布为西南高东北低,最大值位于渭源、武山区域,最小值位于下游支流的洛河区域。年径流表现出波动变化,1850—1896年、1929—1939年、1968—1984年径流呈上升趋势,1896—1929年、1939—1968年、1984—2005年呈下降趋势,年平均径流趋势率为?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。春、夏、秋、冬径流趋势率分别为?0.002 L?(km²·s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、0.022 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.033 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。渭河流域支流径流变率较大,干流变率较小,支流径流变率依次为北洛河＞石川河＞泾河＞漆水河＞千河＞葫芦河＞散渡河。年平均径流在1871年、1908年、1984年、1990年发生突变,而且具有4—6 a,8—10 a,15—20 a,25—35 a,85—95 a,110—120 a的显著周期。相关分析表明：气温、蒸发量与径流为反相关,降水与径流为正相关,土地利用及人类活动对径流也有一定影响。这些研究为认识过去长时期径流变化规律,以及渭河流域水生态环境管理提供了依据,对比较不同资料径流研究也提供了参考。     

北京秋冬季大气氨观测研究

利用差分光学吸收光谱技术,对北京市北郊的大气氨进行了近2个月的观测.结果显示,在秋冬季节,北京大气氨的浓度为（12.89±10.12）×10^-9（part per billion）,观测期间的小时浓度最大值为49.71×10^-9.氨浓度的日变化呈现出白天低、夜晚高的特征,在早高峰时间,氨有明显的一个峰值浓度.另外,氨与NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀之间相关性分别为0.845、0.824、0.821和0.598,明显高于春季,说明秋冬季北京大气氨受机动车排放影响明显.气象要素对氨 浓度明显影响,风速、气压和相对湿度与氨的关联性较高,相比而言,氨与气温关联性较低,说明秋冬季低温环境下,土壤排放、垃圾存储堆场和人体排泄物等排放对大气氨浓度影响较小.     

热反硝化地芽孢杆菌水解催化剩余污泥提取蛋白质

为实现剩余污泥无害化处理以及资源化利用,采用从高温堆肥基质中筛选出的可产蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶的嗜热菌—热反硝化地芽孢杆菌对污泥氮源进行提取,分析反应时间、污泥含固率以及嗜热菌粗酶液接种量对蛋白质提取的影响,并确定最佳反应条件.结果表明：水解过程中各因素对蛋白质回收率作用大小为：接种量>时间>含固率,得出最优工艺条件为：pH=7、T=60℃、t=8h、污泥含固率为4%以及嗜热菌接种量为20%,在此条件下污泥蛋白质提取率达到32.05%,氨基酸含量为359.6mg/L,多肽含量为1060.1mg/L,且污泥上清液粒径随着反应的进行逐渐减小.     

三种含钙物质对土壤砷植物有效性的影响

综述含钙物质（生石灰（CaO）、熟石灰（Ca （OH）₂）及石灰石（CaCO₃））对土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质成分及其含量）、土壤微生物群落结构和As赋存形态及生物有效性的影响与机制,及其对植物As吸收积累和As耐性的影响与机制.综述内容可为准确理解含钙物质影响土壤As的生物有效性和植物对As吸收积累的过程机制,进而合理选择含钙物质调控土壤理化性质降低土壤As生物有效性及其生态环境风险提供理论依据和技术参考,对保障土壤种植安全和作物食品安全具有一定现实意义.     

Anthraquinone acted as a catalyst for the removal of triphenylmethane dye containing tertiary amino group: Characteristics and mechanism

Herein, we found that anthraquinone (AQ) acted as a catalyst for the rapid and effective removal of triphenylmethane dye containing tertiary amino group (TDAG). Results showed that AQ had an enhanced catalytic reactivity towards the removal of TDAG compared to hydro-quinone, which was further proved and explained using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. AQs could achieve a TDAG removal efficiency and rate of approximately 100% and 0.3583 min⁻¹, respectively, within 20 min. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that the superoxide radical (O₂^•−) generated through the catalytic reduction of an oxygen molecule (O₂) by AQ contributed to the effective removal of the TDAG. In addition, it was found that the electrophilic attack of the O₂^•− radical on the TDAG was the driving force for the dye degradation process. Decreasing the pH led to protonation of the substituted group of AG, which resulted in formation of an electron deficient center in the TDAG molecule (TDAG-EDC⁺) through delocalization of the π electron. Therefore, the possibility of the electrophilic attack for the dye by the negative O₂^•- radical was significantly enhanced. This study revealed that the H⁺ and the O₂^•− generated by the catalytic reduction of O₂ have synergistic effects that led to a significant increase in the dye removal rate and efficiency, which were higher than those obtained through persulfate oxidation.     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

High-throughput analysis of the effects of different fish culture methods on antibiotic resistance gene abundances in a lake

Freshwater lakes are important reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, we determined the ARG profiles in water samples from Ying Lake, China, using high-throughput quantitative PCR. The high prevalence of ARGs suggested significant pollution with ARGs in the study area, where the ARG diversity and abundance were greater in an area with box-type fish farming than an area with fenced fish farming. Network analysis indicated the widespread co-occurrence of ARGs and mobile genetic elements. cphA-01, blalMP02, and blaCMY202 were identified as adequate indicator genes for estimating the total ARG abundances. Redundancy analysis indicated that changes in the microbial communities caused by variations in the physicochemical parameters with different fish culture methods mainly determined the ARGs in the lake system. Thus, analyzing the factors that affect ARGs provided novel insights into the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance and propagation of ARGs in a lake.

     

Red mud-modified biochar reduces soil arsenic availability and changes bacterial composition

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Worldwide arsenic (As) contamination in soils induces pollution of surface and ground waters, reduces crop quality and yield, and threatens human health....