饮用水源水无机金属污染的应急处理

根据密云水库供水现状,针对突发性无机金属污染事件,采用聚合氯化铝辅助化学沉淀法进行应急处理。选用Cu2＋、Fe2＋、Zn2＋和Cd2＋ 4种金属离子为目标污染物,首先通过小试实验确立了最佳混凝处理条件。结果表明,调节pH值为8．0左右,可使初始浓度为5mg／L和10mg／L的Cu2＋浓度降至0．96mg／L和0．67mg／L;初始浓度为1．5mg／L和3mg／L的Fe2＋浓度降至0．27mg／L和0．24mg／L;初始浓度为0．05mg／L和0．1mg／L的Cd2＋浓度降为0．0089mg／L和0．0078mg／L;调节pH值为9．0时,可使初始浓度为5mg／L和10mg／L的Zn2＋浓度降至0．57mg／L和0．48mg／L。4种污染物出水浓度均低于国家饮用水标准。在小试基础上,在北京第九水厂开展无机金属污染处理的中试实验,结果表明所选用的聚合氯化铝辅助化学沉淀法简便易行,可实现污染物快速、有效去除。     

有机物组成对混凝-纳滤组合工艺的影响

混凝过程中有机物之间相互作用,对混凝过程形成的絮体性质及后续纳滤膜过滤过程中形成的滤饼层致密性产生影响。针对天然有机物中亲水性和疏水性有机物,采用单一和联合投加的方式,利用激光粒度仪对不同有机物配比条件下形成的絮体尺寸进行测定,研究表明不同组分的有机物对膜污染的影响不同,亲水性组分被认为是亲水性膜材料的主要污染物。     

Preparation of SGO-modified nanofiltration membrane and its application in SO42 − and Cl− separation in salt treatment

The lack of fresh water in the world makes the search for an effective method to decontaminate water an urgent priority. An important step is to remove different multivalent ions in salt treatment. Nanofiltration (NF) has been used for treating water containing different kinds of salts. In this work, sulfonate group-modified graphene oxide (SGO) was prepared, and added during the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction to prepare SGO-modifiedNF membranes (PA-SGO). The chemical composition, structure and surface properties of PA and PA-SGO membranes were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, SEM, AFM, contact angle and zeta potential measurements. Their water flux, salt rejection and anti-fouling abilities were investigated systematically. The testing results showed that the water flux of PA-SGO (0.03% SGO) was 45.85 LMH under a pressure of 0.2?MPa, and the salt rejection varied in the order of Na₂SO₄ (98.99%)?>?MgSO₄ (91.25%)?>?MgCl₂ (42.27%)?>?NaCl (21.96%). An anti-fouling experiment indicated that the PA-SGO membrane had good anti-fouling properties because of its decreased roughness and increased hydrophilicity and electronegativity. The PA-SGO membrane has good potential for use in removing salt ions from water.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Al_b or Al_c. 2.52 mol/L PACl₁ with 88% Al_b and 2.38 mol/L PACl₂ with 61% Al_c were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl₃, PACl₁ and PACl₂ were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Al_b and Al_c distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl₁ and PACl₂. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl₃ was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl₁ and PACl₂ with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

Toxic interaction mechanism of two fluoroquinolones with serum albumin by spectroscopic and computational methods

To evaluate the toxicity of two fluoroquinolones (FQs), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), and enrofloxacin (ENFX), at the protein level, their binding modes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were characterized by multiple spectroscopic and molecular docking methods under simulated physiological conditions. On the basis of fluorescence spectra, we concluded that both FQs greatly quenched the fluorescence intensity of BSA, which was attributed to the formation of a moderately strong complex mainly through electrostatic interactions. Besides, CPFX posed more of an affinity threat than ENFX. The molecular docking methods further illustrated that both CPFX and ENFX could bind into the subdomain IIIA of BSA and interact with Arg 508 and Lys 437, the positively charged residues in protein. Furthermore, as shown by the synchronous fluorescence, UV-Visible absorption and circular dichroism data, both CPFX and ENFX could lead to the conformational and microenvironmental changes of BSA, which may affect its physiological function.     

浅析生物倍增工艺处理城镇污水

生物倍增（Bio—dopp）工艺是采用德国恩格拜公司研发的Bio—Dopp曝气系统、Bio—Dopp固定床及Bio—Dopp快速澄清装置等,将生物硝化反硝化、脱磷除氮及有机物氧化等工艺全部协调在同一反应池内同时进行。城镇污水厂在原有一期工程的基础上,进行二期提标扩建,并联一套Bio—Dopp反应池,同时新增一沉砂池和V型滤池,确保出水水质达标排放。     

Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on earthworm Eisenia fetida: responses of the antioxidant system,acid phosphatase and ATPase

Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles has received growing attention in recent years. This study investigated the influence of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) on earthworm Eisenia fetida. The experiment was performed with five test groups: control (without Ag-NP), 10?nm Ag-NP groups (20, 100 or 500?mg?kg^?1) and positive control (787?mg?kg^?1 AgNO₃). After 14-day acute exposure, activities of various enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acid phosphatase (AP), and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were determined. Effects of Ag-NP with different sizes (10 and 80?nm) were also tested. Data showed that the activity of GR was significantly lower at 500?mg?kg^?1. The activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were inhibited following the increase of Ag-NP concentration. When treated with Ag-NP with different sizes, activities of AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase of the 10?nm group were significantly lower than the control group, but those of the 80?nm group were similar to the control group. Data indicate that Ag-NP may be harmful to the earthworm E. fetida at 500?mg?kg^?1, and the toxicity of Ag-NP with 10?nm size is greater than 80?nm. In addition, AP and Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase are sensitive biomakers to the effects of Ag-NP.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

平菇漆酶对不同重金属胁迫的响应

平菇是一种重要的白腐真菌,可以合成包括漆酶在内的多种木质素纤维素降解酶. 以平菇(ACCC 52857)为材料,通过在培养基中分别添加不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+),考察菌体生长及培养基中漆酶活性的变化情况,并利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺电泳检测不同重金属离子对平菇漆酶同工酶(Lacc2和Lacc10)活性的影响. 结果表明:在培养基中添加Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对平菇漆酶活性均有不同程度的增强作用. 培养至第9天时,对照组漆酶活性达到最大值,为(565.6±5.2)nkat/mL;而添加重金属离子的各组漆酶活性仍在上升,Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+分别以终浓度为3 000、2 000、150 μmol/L时对漆酶活性的增强作用最大,培养至第20天、第15天、第17天时,漆酶活性达到最大值,分别为(8 612.1±840.0)、(2 204.0±347.0)、(2 928.0±217.7)nkat/mL. 非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示,3种重金属离子对液体培养条件下Lacc2和Lacc10这2种漆酶同工酶活性的影响不同. 培养基中较高c(Cu2+)可以显著增加Lacc10活性;随着c(Pb2+)的升高,Lacc2活性升高;随着c(Cd2+)不断增加,Lacc2活性略有降低,但Lacc10活性逐渐增加. 研究结果有助于进一步解释漆酶的生理功能和漆酶基因的表达调控机制.