镉对小鼠骨生物力学及成骨细胞MG-63的影响

为了探讨镉对骨的影响及机制,选取7周龄C57BL/6J小鼠给予氯化镉2 mg.kg-1腹腔注射,每周2次,染毒4周后进行了骨力学参数的测量.结果显示,暴露组股骨的最大弯曲应力及弹性模量降低,骨灰干重比下降.体外结果显示,氯化镉(CdCl2)的暴露影响人成骨肉瘤细胞MG-63的细胞形态、活力及增殖,并且呈剂量依赖性.因此,氯化镉暴露可导致小鼠骨量下降和骨力学性能下降,并对成骨细胞有明显的毒性.     

Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

     

A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

市政排水管网水力水质条件对底泥微生物组多样性的影响

为阐释不同水力水质工况对市政排水管网底泥微生物在门和属水平多样性的影响,应用微生物16S rRNA基因测序技术,探讨了底泥微生物组Alpha和Beta多样性、样本组间差异及其与不同环境因子之间的统计学关系及可能原因. 结果表明:①底泥中优势菌门Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Acinetobacter等均为有机物降解类细菌,并且随着外源性碳浓度的增加,同种微生物的丰度越高;随着色氨酸类有机物种类越多,微生物群落多样性越高. ②在一定范围内,剪切力越高,底泥中呈显著差异(P≤0.001)的Dechloromona(5.5%)、norank_f_Anaerolineaceae(2.3%)、Longilinea(2.8%)等厌氧细菌(主要功能是分解蛋白、碳水化合物)的丰度越高. ③在一定范围内,温度越高,底泥微生物组的丰度越高. 在41 ℃环境下,呈显著差异(P≤0.001)的优势菌门Chloroflexi(11.1%)和优势菌属Defluviicoccus(4.9%)、Candidatus_Competibacter(3.8%)的相对丰度最高,而Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes等菌门可能因微生物蛋白质活性受温度影响,丰度降低. ④在碱性环境中,只有Proteobacteria(49.4%)、Chloroflexi(10.1%)等杆状菌丰度最高,没有丝状菌. ⑤SO₄2?浓度对底泥微生物影响较小,但较高SO₄2?浓度提高了上覆水中Methylocystis、Zavarzinia等微生物丰度,抑制了Methylocystis等厌氧微生物的生长. 研究显示,重力流排水管道底泥微生物组多样性变化与水力剪切力、温度、pH、SO₄2?及外源性碳这5个环境因子相关.      

响应曲面分析优化改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中氟的吸附性能及机理研究

为提升粉煤灰漂珠对水溶液中氟的吸附性能,以氧化钙为原料,采用煅烧法制备钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附材料.通过响应曲面分析中的Box-Behnken设计吸附氟试验,探讨各吸附因数及其交互作用对吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附条件.利用SEM（扫描电镜）、EDS（能量散射光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）以及BET比表面积等手段对吸附材料进行表征,并结合吸附动力学、吸附等温试验探讨钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的除氟机制.结果表明:①初始ρ（F-）和吸附温度对改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中F-的去除率有显著影响,当pH为5.0、初始ρ（F-）为125 mg/L、吸附温度为40℃时,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附效果最佳.②动力学试验显示,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明该吸附过程主要以化学吸附为主;与Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型相比,Temkin吸附等温模型更适合于描述该吸附平衡过程.③SEM、EDS和BET比表面积分析显示,改性后的粉煤灰漂珠内部生成了具有不规则表面和多孔结构的含钙团簇物质,从而增加了BET比表面积,改善了孔隙结构.XRD分析显示,钙改性粉煤灰漂珠主要通过离子交换作用吸附去除水中的F-.研究显示,以工业废物为原料制备的钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的最大除氟率为93.59%,是一种具有应用潜力的低成本吸附材料.      

BiVO4光催化降解废水中高浓度磺胺嘧啶的研究

以五水合硝酸铋与偏钒酸铵为原料,采用水热反应法制备了不同晶体结构的钒酸铋(BiVO 4)光催化剂,分析了该催化剂对废水中高浓度磺胺嘧啶的处理效果。结果显示:BiVO 4光催化剂为单斜白钨矿型和四方锆石型,呈片状结构且颗粒分散性较好;磺胺嘧啶的光催化降解率与BiVO 4投加量、光照强度和反应时间呈正相关性,与磺胺嘧啶的初始浓度呈负相关性,随着BiVO 4合成pH值的增大呈先升高后下降的趋势;采用BiVO 4光催化剂处理磺胺嘧啶的最优条件为磺胺嘧啶初始浓度10 mg/L、合成pH=5,投加量0.25 g/L、10000 lux紫外光照下反应4 h,最优条件下的磺胺嘧啶平均去除率达到90.97%。     

多孔介质中三氯乙烯的非线性吸附-对流-弥散模型

研究三氯乙烯(TCE)在含水层中的迁移转化规律,对评价其在环境中的影响、预测其在环境中的行为规律及确定相应的修复技术有着重要的意义.TCE在细砂中的等温吸附规律研究采用批试验和模拟柱试验方法.批试验结果采用四种不同的非线性等温吸附模型进行拟合.结果显示,Linear-Langmuir-Freundlich (LLF) 模型的拟合效果最佳,且该模型能较好地描述表面吸附和分配作用.利用经典对流扩散模型,将以KCl为示踪剂的柱试验结果采用非线性最小二乘法反演模拟柱中的纵向弥散度;利用非线性吸附对流扩散模型,将TCE的模拟柱试验结果采用遗传算法反演吸附参数;结果显示Langmuir等温吸附模型描述柱试验中的吸附模式最好.即批试验与柱实验中的吸附模式是不同的.该结论表明必须重新审视非平衡吸附理论在运移模型中的适用性,以及该理论适用的前提条件.在试验结果和模型反演获得的参数基础上确定的TCE在多孔介质中运移的一维非线性吸附-对流-扩散模型,能够很好地揭示TCE在多孔介质中的运移规律,且模型中的阻滞系数是质量浓度的非线性函数.     

Evaluation of soil fertility using infrared spectroscopy: a review

Soil fertility is conventionally evaluated by soil properties such as C, N, and P contents. Evaluation of soil fertility is now becoming a routine work for soil management and crop production. However, laboratory-analysis based determination of soil properties is time and cost consuming, which is not suitable for precision agriculture. Here, infrared spectroscopy (IR) appears as an alternative and fast technique to measure soil fertility. The IR transmission method is generally used in soil qualitative analysis, while the IR reflectance can be used in soil quantitative analysis, and most of soil-related research is focused on reflectance spectroscopy. Infrared reflectance spectra, including diffuse reflectance spectra and total attenuated reflectance spectra, are involved in soil quantitative analysis. We observe an excellent performance of predicting soil C and N contents using IR spectra. Moreover, in most of cases the predictions of the contents of soil P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and some other microelements are satisfactory. Soil water, soil clays, and soil microbes can also be characterized and evaluated using IR spectroscopy. In recent years, a new method named infrared photoacoustic spectra was applied in soil analysis. Infrared-photoacoustic spectra is indeed more convenient for sample pretreatment and spectra recording, and the recorded soil spectra contain more useful information versus conventional reflectance spectroscopy. Though currently the application of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in soil analysis is limited, it appears promising to measure soil fertility. The application of infrared spectroscopy in soil fertility is largely dependent on spectra pretreatment and multivariate calibration due to strong interferences in the spectra. Partial least square (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) are two widely used mathematical tools in the prediction of soil properties, and more mathematical tools combined models will benefit the prediction performance. To make full use of soil infrared spectra, soil spectra library construction is needed in future, and a standard procedure should be first decided in the construction. Based on soil infrared spectra library soil fertility can be fast evaluated combining suitable mathematical model, which will play an important role in the sustainable agriculture.     

宁夏地区动力混煤可磨性及结渣特性研究

针对宁夏地区动力混煤的可磨性及结渣特性,采用沉降炉试验和热重试验方法,对掺烧各煤种及其混煤进行灰分分析及灰熔点试验研究。结果表明:(1)动力混煤的元素分析、工业分析及发热量满足质量加权平均。(2)混煤的可磨性并不是都具有加权平均性,需要针对不同煤种的混煤进行实验测定,并考虑粒径分布变化对混煤中难磨煤种燃烬过程的影响。