Evaluation of simplified mass transfer models to simulate the impacts of source zone architecture on nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in heterogeneous porous media

Nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution was studied in three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous experimental aquifers (25.5 cm x 9 cm x 8.5 cm) with two different longitudinal correlation lengths (2.1 cm and 1.1 cm) and initial spill volumes (22.5 ml and 10.5 ml). Spatial and temporal distributions of NAPL during dissolution were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At high NAPL spill volume, average effluent concentrations initially increased during dissolution, as NAPL pools transitioned to NAPL ganglia, and then decreased as the total NAPL-water interfacial area decreased over time. Experimental results were used to test six dissolution models: (i and ii) a one-dimensional (1D) model using either specific NAPL-water interfacial area values estimated from MR images at each time step (i.e., 1D quasi-steady state model), or an empirical mass transfer (Sh') correlation (i.e., 1D transient model), (iii and iv) a multiple analytical source superposition technique (MASST) using either the NAPL distribution determined from MR images at each time step (i.e., MASST steady state model), or the NAPL distribution determined from mass balance calculations (i.e., MASST transient model), (v) an equilibrium streamtube model, and (vi) a 3D grid-scale pool dissolution model (PDM) with a dispersive mass flux term. The 1D quasi-steady state model and 3D PDM captured effluent concentration values most closely, including some concentration fluctuations due to changes in the extent of flow reduction. The 1D transient, MASST steady state and transient, and streamtube models all showed a monotonic decrease in effluent concentration values over time, and the streamtube model was the most computationally efficient. Changes during dissolution of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area estimated from imaging data are similar to changes in effluent concentration values. The 1D steady state model incorporates estimates of the effective NAPL-water interfacial area directly at each time point; the 3D PDM does so indirectly through mass balance and a relative permeability function, which causes reduced water flow through high saturation NAPL regions. Hence, when model accuracy is required, the results indicate that a surrogate of this effective interfacial area is required. Approaches to include this surrogate in the MASST and streamtube models are recommended.     

Effect of short-term atrazine addition on the performance of an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process

In this study, an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) wastewater treatment process was implemented to treat domestic wastewater with short-term atrazine addition. The results provided an evaluation on the effects of an accidental pollution on the operation of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in relation to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and biological nutrient removal. Domestic wastewater with atrazine addition in 3 continuous days was treated when steady biological nutrient removal was achieved in the A²O process. The concentrations of atrazine were 15, 10, and 5 mg·L^?1 on days 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The results showed that atrazine addition did not affect the removal of COD. The specific NH₄ ⁺ oxidation rate and NO₃ ^? reduction rate decreased slightly due to the short-term atrazine addition. However, it did not affect the nitrogen removal due to the high nitrification and denitrification capacity of the system. Total nitrogen (TN) removal was steady, and more than 70% was removed during the period studied. The phosphorus removal rate was not affected by the short-term addition of atrazine under the applied experimental conditions. However, more poly-hydroxy-alkanoate (PHA) was generated and utilized during atrazine addition. The results of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) showed that the respiration of nitrifiers decreased significantly, while the activity of carbon utilizers had no obvious change with the atrazine addition. Atrazine was not removed with the A²O process, even via absorption by the activated sludge in the process of the short-term addition of atrazine.     

园林/餐厨垃圾联合堆肥工艺研究

以干草落叶混合物及酒店餐厨垃圾为原料,在自然通风条件下,利用自行研制的引风式堆肥装置,通过为期10d的园林/餐厨垃圾混合物高温好氧初级发酵,研究混合原料中餐厨垃圾不同配比对园林垃圾快速堆肥效果的影响。结果表明:在质量配比75.64%、67.45%、51.37%中,当餐厨垃圾质量比67.45%时,含水率61.15%对园林垃圾堆肥效果最好,减容率24.83%,减重率28.33%,初级发酵结束C/N比15.41。     

Bulking sludge for PHA production:Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge

Two acetate-fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated under an aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) model (SBR #2) and with anaerobic phase before aerobic phase (SBR #1) to select mixed cultures with a high polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage response. Although kinetic selection based on storage response should bring about a predominance of floc-formers, a bulking sludge with storage response comparable to well-settled sludge was steadily established. An anaerobic phase was introduced before the aerobic phase in the ADF model to improve the sludge settleability (SBR #1), however, due to the consequent increased feast/famine ratio, the performance of SBR #1, in terms of both the maximum PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) cell content and ΔPHB, was lower than that of SBR #2. SBR #2 gradually reached a steady state while SBR #1 failed suddenly after 50 days of operation. The maximum specific substrate uptake rate and storage rate for the selected bulking sludge were 0.4 Cmol Ac/(Cmol X.hr) and 0.18 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr), respectively, resulting a yield of 0.45 Cmol PHB/(Cmol Ac) in SBR #2 in the culture enrichment phase. A maximum PHB content of 53% of total suspended solids and PHB storage rate of 1.36 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr) was achieved at 10.2 hr in batch accumulation tests under nitrogen starvation. The results indicated that it was feasible to utilize filamentous bacteria to accumulate PHA with a rate comparable to well-settled sludge. Furthermore, the lower dissolved oxygen demand of filamentous bacteria would save energy required for aeration in the culture enrichment stage.     

Investigation of surfactant-enhanced mass removal and flux reduction in 3D correlated permeability fields using magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to visualize the NAPL source zone architecture before and after surfactant-enhanced NAPL dissolution in three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneously packed flowcells characterized by different longitudinal correlation lengths: 2.1 cm (aquifer 1) and 1.1 cm (aquifer 2). Surfactant flowpaths were determined by imaging the breakthrough of a paramagnetic tracer (MnCl(2)) analyzed by the method of moments. In both experimental aquifers, preferential flow occurred in high permeability materials with low NAPL saturations, and NAPL was preferentially removed from the top of the aquifers with low saturation. Alternate flushing with water and two surfactant pulses (5-6 pore volumes each) resulted in approximately 63% of NAPL mass removal from both aquifers. However, overall reduction in mass flux (Mass Flux 1) exiting the flowcell was lower in aquifer 2 (68%) than in aquifer 1 (81%), and local effluent concentrations were found to increase by as high as 120 times at local sampling ports from aquifer 2 after surfactant flushing. 3D MRI images of NAPL revealed that NAPL migrated downward and created additional NAPL source zones in previously uncontaminated areas at the bottom of the aquifers. The additional NAPL source zones were created in the direction transverse to flow in aquifer 2, which explains the higher mass flux relative to aquifer 1. Analysis using a total trapping number indicates that mobilization of NAPL trapped in the two coarsest sand fractions is possible when saturation is below 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Results from this study highlight the potential impacts of porous media heterogeneity and NAPL source zone architecture on advanced in-situ flushing technologies.     

Aromatic compound degradation by iron reducing bacteria isolated from irrigated tropical paddy soils

Forty-six candidate phenol/benzoate degrading-iron reducing bacteria were isolated from long term irrigated tropical paddy soils by enrichment procedures.Pure cultures and some prepared mixed cultures were examined for ferric oxide reduction and phenol/benzoate degradation.All the isolates were iron reducers,but only 56.5%could couple iron reduction to phenol and/or benzoate degradation,as evidenced by depletion of phenol and benzoate after one week incubation.Analysis of degradative capability using Biolog...     

纳米镍/镁铝水滑石/活性炭复合材料的制备及染料污水的降解

在超声辅助的条件下,通过共沉淀法制备了纳米镍/镁铝水滑石/活性炭复合材料(nano-Ni/MgAl-LDHs/AC),并将其用于染料的催化降解。复合材料的制备分为2个步骤,首先在真空条件下,通过共沉淀法在活性炭载体上制备镁铝水滑石(MgAl-LDHs);再通过抗坏血酸的还原作用将纳米镍沉积到MgAl-LDHs/AC表面。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD) 和傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等测试方法表征了所制备样品。MgAl-LDHs分布在活性炭表面,呈现花状平板结构,粒径大小为(80±30)nm,纳米镍修饰在MgAl-LDHs/AC表面,平均粒径40 nm。所制备的复合材料对甲基橙、孔雀绿和亚甲基蓝的降解率均达到98%以上。     

臭氧催化氧化池更换铝基催化剂的工程应用

为解决某炼化公司外排水装置臭氧催化氧化单元污染物去除率低,能耗高的问题,将臭氧催化氧化池原有催化剂(氧化铝基+活性碳棒)更换为某研究院基于炼化公司外排水水质参数所制备的专性催化剂,对更换前后污染物去除率和臭氧剂量进行分析。结果表明：专性催化剂具有良好的晶型和发达的孔隙结构,常态化运行后,更换催化剂后的氧化池COD去除率达到42.98%~62.63%,远高于未更换的氧化池(8.96%~20.64%)。对多介质过滤器进水、臭氧催化氧化池进水、臭氧催化氧化池出水(更换、未换)分别取样测定COD、TOC、UV₂₅₄和荧光光谱,发现多介质过滤器只可通过截留作用去除分子质量较大的类腐殖质等物质,去除率较低;更换催化剂后臭氧催化氧化池的COD去除率达50.86%、TOC去除率达46.62%、UV₂₅₄去除率达82.17%、荧光类物质去除率可达96.23%。臭氧催化氧化池出水(更换)B/C值为0.56(臭氧催化氧化池进水B/C值为0.21),经由臭氧催化氧化处理后,出水可生化性提高。常态化运行期间臭氧剂量为：更换催化剂的氧化池1.31~1.68 g·g⁻¹(以COD计),均值为1.58 g·g⁻¹,未更换催化剂的氧化池为4.15 g·g⁻¹,表明更换催化剂后可显著降低臭氧的消耗。以上结果表明,炼化公司外排水装置更换臭氧催化剂后污染物处理负荷大幅度提高,臭氧消耗量减少,节能减排成效显著。     

转Cry1Ie基因玉米和转CP4-剧SPS基因大豆对斑马鱼的生态毒性

为评估转Cry1Ie基因抗虫玉米和转CP4-EPSPS基因耐除草剂大豆对鱼类的生态毒理效应,以斑马鱼(Danio rerro)为受试动物,配制4种分别含有转基因玉米、转基因大豆以及相应非转基因亲本的试验饲料,并以商业饲料为对照,通过98 d喂养实验,调查斑马鱼的摄食、生长、繁殖和抗氧化酶活性,分析不同喂养阶段斑马鱼的组...     

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯检测方法研究进展

二(2-乙基己基)己二酸酯(DEHA)是一种广泛使用的增塑剂,而其作为一类生物内分泌干扰素,长期大量使用会对人类和环境造成不良影响。综述了国内外DEHA的检测方法,包括样品前处理技术和检测技术,其中前处理技术主要有索氏提取法、超声提取法、同位素稀释法、顶空萃取法、液液萃取法、固相微萃取法、微波萃取法等,分析技术主要有光谱分析法、气相色谱分析法、液相色谱分析法及其联用分析法等;对不同检测方法的原理、特点及应用进行综述和对比,提出后续研究可从筛选液液萃取的萃取剂类型并联合超声等萃取技术,提高复杂样品体系中DEHA检测能力以及研发便携化、智能化检测仪器等方面开展。