TEPA调控AMP-DGDE水溶液相变吸收CO2性能及机理

相变吸收剂在降低CO₂捕集能耗方面具有较大优势,但现有吸收剂普遍存在再生性能差的问题。基于2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇 (AMP) 的吸收剂再生性能优异,但通常难以发生相变。利用四乙烯五胺 (TEPA) 作为相变调控剂引入AMP-二乙二醇二甲醚 (DGDE) 水溶液,构建了具有良好再生性能的新型相变吸收剂AMP-DGDE-TEPA。在最佳配比下,AMP-DGDE-TEPA的吸收负荷可达0.88 mol∙mol⁻¹,其中97.6%的CO₂富集于溶液下层,下层体积仅占总体积51%。经7次吸收-解吸循环,吸收剂的吸收负荷仍能保持0.63 mol∙mol⁻¹,再生效率为71.6%。¹³C核磁共振结果表明,AMP与CO₂反应生成易于分解的碳酸氢盐,因而吸收剂具有良好的再生性能;而TEPA的引入可使系统中生成稳定的质子化TEPA和氨基甲酸盐。质子化TEPA和氨基甲酸盐具有高极性,可打破吸收剂原有的均相状态,促使吸收剂发生液-液相变。相比于DGDE,H₂O和极性反应产物之间具有更强的相互作用力,这些物质聚集形成CO₂富相,而DGDE则单独形成CO₂贫相。此外,AMP-DGDE-TEPA的再生显热和潜热仅为0.33和0.43 GJ∙t⁻¹ CO₂,具有良好的节能潜力。该研究结果可为高效低能耗碳捕集材料的制备提供参考。     

SMAD-BBR组合工艺在高浓度洗涤废水处理中的应用

针对当前化工行业洗涤废水COD高、毒性强、表面活性剂多导致难处理难降解的问题,以青岛市某化工厂生产车间的设备清洗废水为对象,在实验室小试的基础上,设计并建立了处理规模为2.0 m³·d⁻¹的SMAD-BBR组合工艺系统用于处理该洗涤废水。经过4个月的现场调试运行,研究了SMAD-BBR组合工艺对洗涤废水的处理效果。结果表明：SMAD-BBR组合工艺能够有效地降解该化工厂的清洗废水,其中COD去除率为99.1%、NH₃-N去除率为95.6%、TP去除率为82.5%;在稳定运行期间水质波动较大时,出水仍能稳定达标,表明组合工艺具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力;通过增加BBR曝气区中的MLSS,从而提高了生物量,使洗涤废水在曝气处理时泡沫严重的情况得到了有效的解决;经计算,SMAD-BBR组合工艺处理洗涤废水,每年可为该化工厂节约140×10⁴元。通过分析可知,SMAD-BBR组合工艺在处理洗涤废水方面有良好的应用前景。     

近自然湿地生态修复的概念、理论与实践

随着对湿地重要性认知的提高,我国对湿地生态修复技术的需求也日益增加,其中近自然湿地生态修复备受关注。描述了近自然概念的由来,提出了近自然湿地的定义并辨析了其与人工湿地的主要区别。以太湖竺山湖湿地生态修复为例,介绍了近自然湿地生态修复的设计思路、主要技术措施和修复效果。在竺山湖近自然湿地生态修复中,依次实施了水文水动力改善、基底形态营造、植物恢复、水生动物恢复、生物量管理等措施,具体包括：改善水体连通性和流动性,提高生境多样性和适宜性;基于5种基底形态对污染物去除效果的分析,构建了多起伏型基底形态;根据土著适生、净化水质、兼顾景观等原则,筛选出21属35种土著湿地植物,设计并应用了2种植物配置模式;根据生态系统调控 （EwE）模型对湿地食物网结构的分析结果,对水生植物收割量、鱼类及虾蟹类的种群数量提出了调控建议。生态修复后竺山湖水质由劣Ⅴ类改善为Ⅱ类（GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》）,大型水生植物多样性显著提高。竺山湖湿地生态修复效果验证了近自然生态修复方法的有效性,今后还需不断在实践应用过程中丰富近自然湿地生态修复的理论及技术,并开展大规模的实践应用。

     

实现我国煤矸石“无废”化目标的路径研究

为解决煤矸石大量堆积造成的环境污染问题,基于“无废城市”建设理念和经验提出了煤矸石“无废”化目标。在分析我国煤矸石产生、分布及理化性质的基础上,从煤炭清洁高效利用和减污降碳2个方面论述实现煤矸石“无废”化的必要性,阐述实现我国煤矸石“无废”化的政策基础、技术现状和存在的问题。建议我国在建设绿色生态煤矿、提高煤矸石综合利用水平、研发煤矸石综合利用技术、制定煤矸石综合利用产品标准4个方面开展工作;加快实现以井下采选充一体化、矿井充填、采坑以及塌陷区回填生态修复为核心的煤矸石综合利用技术工业化应用;构建“发电—有用（价）组分回收或利用—高性能建材或农业应用或矿井充填”的资源化利用产业链,实现煤矸石中多组分梯级分质高值化利用,以保障我国煤矸石“无废”化目标顺利实现。

     

赤泥淋滤液特征污染物在饱和砂土中的运移规律研究

为揭示赤泥对地下水的污染机理,防控其污染,对中国北方某炼铝厂赤泥堆场所取淋滤液进行水质分析,识别出严重超标特征污染物F⁻、SO₄ ²⁻、Al³⁺,通过一维砂柱试验研究了其在饱和中砂、细砂、粉砂3种介质中的运移规律。结果表明：特征污染物在砂柱中运移距离越大,其浓度越小;砂粒粒径越小,渗透系数越小,对特征污染物的截留能力越强,特征污染物在砂柱中完全穿透时间也越长。运用Hydrus-1D软件对3种特征污染物在饱和砂土中的运移过程进行模拟,得出在3种介质中弥散度(α)分别为1.76、0.95、0.58 cm,3种介质中F⁻的溶质反应参数K_d和N_u分别为2.10、1.00、4.10 mg/mL和24、28、30 mL/mg,SO₄ ²⁻的K_d和N_u分别为1.78、0.99、5.00 mg/mL和12、20、32 mL/mg,Al³⁺的K_d和N_u分别为1.44、1.65、4.44 mg/mL和18、17、45 mL/mg,呈现介质颗粒越细,K_d越大（吸附能力越强）,N_u越大（吸附速度越快）的特征。为防止赤泥污染,根据经济适用、取材方便的原则,建议选用粉砂土或颗粒更细的黏土作为污染防渗层。

     

Biodegradation Behaviors of Poly(p-dioxanone) in Different Environment Media

This work was aimed at researching the aerobic biodegradation of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO), a novel kind of degradable polymer material, by simulating real-life conditions in a laboratory-scale test, specified by the standard methods based on two biodegradation environments, composting and aqueous media. To measure and describe the biodegradability of PPDO, not only had carbon dioxide produced by respiratory metabolism of microorganism been measured, which determines the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of chemical compounds, but also the detailed results of biodegradation were further characterized by monitoring physical, chemical and thermal properties changes of test materials at different incubation times in the two media, confirmed by using the appropriate analytical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology, and the thermal performance of PPDO was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The changes of molecular weight were detected by intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and gel permeation chromatography, and the variations of the molecular structure were monitored by the nuclear magnetic resonance and FT-IR. The results show that PPDO has outstanding character of biodegradation and may be more adapted for biodegrading in liquid medium than in composting.     

Reproduction and population dynamics of the fissiparous brittle star Ophiactis savignyi (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Reproductive cycle, asexual reproduction, and population dynamics of the fissiparous brittle star, Ophiactis savignyi, which inhabits the exhalant passages of the sponge Haliclona sp. were examined monthly from February 1991 to January 1992 at Wanlitung, southern Taiwan (22°N; 120°E). Mature gametes were found from March to December, but release was mainly in May and June. Sexual recruits were found from May to December, with the highest frequency (14.1% of population) in June. Sexual recruits composed 2.4% of the 1-yr sample. Sex ratio of male to female was 24:1. Fission occurred throughout the year, although the frequency of recently split individuals was lower from January to June (6 to 31%), and higher from July to December (42 to 52%). The occurrence of fission was highest after spawning. Regenerating individuals composed 48.2% of the 1-yr sample. Population density fluctuated greatly during summer due to recruitment by fission and mortality or dispersal due to the stressful environmental conditions. Both sexual and asexual reproduction of O. savignyi were successful at this site.     

Effect of alginate on the aggregation kinetics of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs): bridging interaction and hetero-aggregation induced by Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

The stability of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) is expected to play a key role in the environmental risk assessment of nanotoxicity in aquatic systems. In this study, the effect of alginate (model polysaccharides) on the stability of CuO NPs in various environmentally relevant ionic strength conditions was investigated by using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Significant aggregation of CuO NPs was observed in the presence of both monovalent and divalent cations. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were 54.5 and 2.9 mM for NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂, respectively. The presence of alginate slowed nano-CuO aggregation rates over the entire NaNO₃ concentration range due to the combined electrostatic and steric effect. High concentrations of Ca²⁺ (>6 mM) resulted in stronger adsorption of alginate onto CuO NPs; however, enhanced aggregation of CuO NPs occurred simultaneously under the same conditions. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the bridging interaction of alginate with Ca²⁺ might be an important mechanism for the enhanced aggregation. Furthermore, significant coagulation of the alginate molecules was observed in solutions of high Ca²⁺ concentrations, indicating a hetero-aggregation mechanism between the alginate-covered CuO NPs and the unabsorbed alginate. These results suggested a different aggregation mechanism of NPs might co-exist in aqueous systems enriched with natural organic matter, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

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Graphical abstract Hetero-aggregation mechanism of CuO nanoparticles and alginate under high concentration of Ca²⁺

     

可凝结颗粒物采样系统的优化设计及实测应用

燃煤电厂烟气中可凝结颗粒物(CPM)主要由无机成分组成,其排放会影响大气环境。为有效捕集烟气中CPM并研究其无机组分排放特性,采用自主优化设计的CPM采样装置,就国家大气污染防治重点区域内3台600 MW等级以上超低排放燃煤机组开展了烟气中CPM实测研究,同时对采样装置的有效性、可靠性进行了探讨。该装置利用半导体材料进行制冷,与常规采样装置相比体积轻巧、便于携带、捕集效率高、冷凝效果好,且使用成本低。研究结果表明：燃煤电厂中A、B、C 3个机组烟囱排口的CPM质量浓度分别为2.22、3.02、3.83 mg·m⁻³;CPM无机水溶性离子中,阴离子主要有SO₄²⁻、Cl⁻等,阳离子主要有Ca²⁺、Na⁺、NH₄⁺等;其中,SO₄²⁻质量浓度占比均大于50%,在水蒸气存在的情况下,会与NH₄⁺产生硫酸氢铵和硫酸铵;而硫酸氢铵易与烟气中的水蒸气结合形成酸雾,会腐蚀烟气管道,还会因其黏附性较强附着飞灰等杂质在管道表面沉积附着,加剧管道的腐蚀和结垢。本研究结果可为探究超低排放燃煤电厂烟气中CPM的排放特性提供参考。     

DOC/SCR组合方式及关键参数对NOx转化效率的影响

在柴油机中等转速下,通过改变柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）和选择性催化还原催化器（SCR）的组合方式,以及改变喷嘴位置、两级SCR载体间距和催化剂成分,获得各种条件下的NOx转化效率,为优化组合方式和关键参数提供重要数据支撑。结果表明：增加尿素喷嘴与SCR入口的相对距离,NOx转化效率升高,喷嘴距离为45 cm较为合适;载体间距的增大,NOx转化效率先略有升高,后急剧下降,间距为2 cm较为合适;载体体积增大,NOx转化效率明显升高,在满足目标NOx转化效率的前提下,载体体积不宜过大;DOC与SCR的组合方式对NOx转化效率具有明显差异,前置DOC能够有效的提高NOx转化效率;在催化条件下,NOx转化效率由高到低排序为：铜基 > 钒基 > 铁基;对于复合催化剂而言,铜铁复合基>铁铜复合基。