废水中GaAs、Ga~(3+)、Ge~(4+)对活性污泥脱氢酶的影响及其抑制动力学

以活性污泥脱氢酶的活性作为毒性指标,研究了半导体材料GaAs、Ga~(3+)、Ge~(4+)对活性污泥活性的抑制影响,并用Hg~(2+)作为参比材料;同时对抑制动力学也作了初步研究。实验表明,GaAs、Ga~(3+)、Ge~(4+)及Hg~(2+)的10％抑制浓度分别为45.00,371.63,0.13ppm/gMLSS,GaAs、Ga~(3+)、Ge~(4+)和Hg~(2+)在浓度分别为180,700,250和1.25ppm/g MLSS时的抑制常数分别为1.30×10~(-3),7.05×10~(-3),6.12×10~(-3)和5.49×10~(-3)mmol,且其抑制类型均属可逆非竞争性抑制。     

利用荧光淬灭作用研究川泽泻凝集素微环境与生色基团的空间分布

用不带电荷的极性淬灭剂丙烯酰胺和带电荷的I-离子、Cs 对川泽泻凝集素内源荧光进行淬灭研究,以揭示凝集素与小分子物质相互作用以及凝集素荧光生色基团的分布情况.天然川泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn)凝集素在280nm和295nm波长下均显示λmax为328nm的荧光发射光谱,表明凝集素荧光生色基团位于相对疏水的环境中.中性淬灭剂丙烯酰胺对凝集素分子的荧光生色基团Tyr和Trp残基的可接近程度为96.81%,而对阴离子淬灭剂I-离子和阳离子淬灭剂Cs 离子的可接近程度分别为37.17%和21.96%.表明川泽泻凝集素荧光氨基酸残基主要位于分子内部的疏水核心.图3参22     

单甲脒等农药的土壤薄层层析行为

用土壤薄层层析法研究单甲脒，单甲脒盐酸盐、灭幼脲和涕灭威等农药在不同土壤中的迁移行为，分别获得了这几种化合物的Ｒｆ值，它们分别为０．１４、０．１７，０．０８，０．７６，研究表明，单脒，单甲脒盐酸盐和灭幼脲不会污染地下水，而涕灭威则会对地下水污染构成严重的威胁。     

Reproduction and growth of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at two contrasting sites in southern Taiwan

Reproductive periods and growth of two populations of Holothuria atra Jaeger distinctly different in body size at two sites of southern Taiwan were determined. Individuals examined in the present study were collected between march 1990 and February 1992. At Nanwan (21° 57N, 120° 45E), large individuals (351 to 1400 g wet wt) spawned from June to September. At Wanlitung (22°N, 120° 42E), a small proportion of frequently dividing individuals (<190 g wet wt) have mature gonads in May, June and September, but histological examination revealed no sign of spawning. Sexual recruits, defined as small individuals <5 g wet wt without sign of regeneration, were not found at either site during this 2-yr study. After the peak of fission at Wanlitung, 40% of the population showed signs of external regeneration. At Nanwan, small individuals transferred from Wanlitung grew from 6 g (n=6) to 166±8 g within 8 mo, and from 48±4 g (n=50) to 324±16 g within 1 yr, with a 6.8-fold biomass increase in 1 yr. At Wanlitung, the monthly average body weight of H. atra is between 33 and 62 g, apparently due to frequent fission, and the biomass increased only 2.9-fold in 1 yr. In southern Taiwan, sexual reproduction of H. atra occurs in large individuals. Asexual reproduction, occurring in small individuals, is the chief mechanism for population maintenance and increase, but it may decrease sexual reproductive potential.     

广州市不同区域水稻质量状况及其污染源探讨

根据1999年度对部分水稻质量监测结果,认为产品质量为重污染级这一问题,于2001年再选择一些监测点开展水稻质量、生产环境质量监测和评价。结果表明,2001年度水稻质量仍存在受污染问题,污染因子为氟化物、铅、镉和汞,大气污染为主要原因,其次为水质污染。     

多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性评价研究

本文以斜生栅藻、大型水蚤和草鱼为试验生物,研究植物生长调节剂多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性效应。多效唑对斜生栅藻EC_(50)-96h为20.62mg/l;对大型水蚤LC_(50)-48h为21.86mg/h;对草鱼苗静态生物检测结果为LC_(50)—120h 16.33mg/l,流水生物检测结果为LC_(50)-96h 14.36mg/l,LC_(50)-120h 9.13mg/l。经多效唑处理后,藻的细胞形态也发生明显改变。根据农药的实验室毒性评价划分标准,多效唑对三种生物的毒性均属低毒;田间安全性预评价的结果也表明其毒性为低毒,故认为多效唑是一种对水生生物危害较小的农药。但其慢性毒性及长期积累效应,尚有待进一步研究。     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

北亚热带过渡区土壤的模糊聚类分析

本文阐述了北亚热带过渡区十个土壤剖面的成土条件和基本性质，应用模糊聚类对土壤的五项诊断指标进行了分析，并与发生分类和诊断分类相比较．在中国土壤系统分类中提出建立淋溶土纲和始成土纲的基础上，探讨了供试土壤的分类地位。其中０１－０４号剖面属于典型铁质湿润淋溶上亚类；０５—０７和０９号剖面归为铁质粘磐半干润淋溶土亚类；０８号剖面为典型半干润淡色始成上亚类，１０号剖面为典型淡色滞水淋溶士亚类。     

Possible use of constructed wetland to remove selenocyanate,arsenic, and boron from electric utility wastewater

Wetland microcosms were used to evaluate the ability of constructed wetlands to remove extremely high concentrations of selenocyanate (SeCN-), arsenic (As), and boron (B) from wastewater generated by a coal gasification plant in Indiana. The wetland microcosms significantly reduced the concentrations of selenium (Se), As, B, and cyanide (CN) in the wastewater by 64%, 47%, 31%, and 30%, respectively. In terms of the mass of each contaminant, 79%, 67%, 57%, and 54% of the Se, As, B, and CN, respectively, loaded into the microcosms were removed from the wastewater. The primary sink for the retention of contaminants within the microcosms was the sediment, which accounted for 63%, 51%, and 36% of the Se, As, and B, respectively. Accumulation in plant tissues accounted for only 2-4%, while 3% of the Se was removed by biological volatilization to the atmosphere. Of the 14 plant species tested, cattail, Thalia, and rabbitfoot grass were highly tolerant of the contaminants and exhibited no growth retardation. Environmental toxicity testing with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae confirmed that the water treated by the wetland microcosms was less toxic than untreated water. The data from the wetland microcosms support the view that constructed wetlands could be used to successfully reduce the toxicity of aqueous effluent contaminated with extremely high concentrations of SeCN-, As, and B, and that a pilot-scale wetland should therefore be constructed to test this in the field. Cattail, Thalia, and rabbitfoot grass would be suitable plant species to establish in such wetlands.     

除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为研究

除草剂在土壤上的吸附和解吸行为是支配该除草剂在环境中的生物有效性和持久性的重要因素之一 ,同时对于预测除草剂在土壤和潜层水中的运动也是有重要作用。本文从吸附机理、实验技术、动力学、影响因素、常数的计算方法等方面阐述了除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为及其环境学意义。