东北黑土水土流失区生态环境遥感动态监测

为及时快速地监测水土流失地区的生态环境变化状况,以拜泉县为例,选取1985年、1996年、2006年和2015年Landsat影像,反演得到能反映生态环境的绿度、湿度、热度和干度指标,利用主成分分析方法,依据RSEI（遥感生态指数）对拜泉县1985—2015年的生态环境进行评价.结果表明:1985—2015年拜泉县RSEI从0.645增至0.851,增幅为31.94%,生态环境质量改善地区面积高于退化区域面积,总体上生态质量向好的方向发展;拜泉县整体生态环境质量综合指数由3.78升至4.87,各乡镇的生态环境质量综合指数均呈现不同程度的增加,从空间分布来看,西南部和南部乡镇的变幅大于北部,中部基本保持不变,水土流失重点区域生态环境质量显著提高;逐步回归分析结果表明,所选的指标均为生态环境质量的关键指标;绿度逐渐成为研究区生态环境质量正向作用的重要指标,说明植树造林等生态治理措施对环境质量的改善起到主导作用.研究显示,RSEI能够综合刻画水土流失区生态环境质量,同时拜泉县生态环境质量整体不断改善,水土流失治理成效明显.      

桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的动态吸附探讨

为研究桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料（PBGC-Fe/C）对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的净化能力及其动态吸附过程,以PBGC-Fe/C吸附剂为固定床,选择溶液初始pH、进水流速、溶液初始浓度、吸附剂投加量和环境温度为影响因素开展动态吸附试验分析.结果表明:在溶液初始pH为2,进水流速为5.14 mL/min,吸附剂投加量为2 g和环境温度为35℃的条件下,PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳平衡吸附容量达到10.72 mg/g;提高溶液初始pH、进水流速和溶液初始质量浓度或降低吸附剂投加量均可缩短反应穿透时间和衰竭时间;Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型均能较好地描述PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的动态吸附过程,说明该吸附过程中内部扩散和外部扩散均为非限速步骤,吸附速率常数（k_Th）随着进水流速的增大从1.3×10-3 mL/（min·mg）升至2.6×10-3 mL/（min·mg）,随着溶液初始质量浓度的增大从2.7×10-3 mL/（min·mg）降至1.4×10-3 mL/（min·mg）.研究显示,PBGC-Fe/C对水中Cr（Ⅵ）具有较好的动态吸附能力,具有较好的市场应用前景.      

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

Relating Cd2 + binding by humic acids to molecular weight: A modeling and spectroscopic study

Molecular weight(Mw) is a fundamental property of humic acids(HAs), which considerably affect the mobility and speciation of heavy metals in the environment. In this study, soil humic acid(HA) extracted from Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to the molecular weight, and their properties were characterized.Complexation of cadmium was investigated by titration experiments. For the first time,Langmuir and non-ideal competitive adsorption-Donna(NICA-Donnan) models combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) quenching were employed to elucidate the binding characteristics of individual Mw fractions of HA. The results showed that the concentration of acidic functional groups decreased with increasing Mw, especially the phenolic groups. The humification degree and aliphaticity increased with increasing Mw as indicated by elemental composition analysis and FT-IR spectra. The binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions of HA followed the order UF1( 5 kDa) UF2(5–10 kDa) UF4( 30 kDa) UF3(10–30 kDa). Moreover, the distribution of cadmium speciation indicated that the phenolic groups were responsible for the variations in binding of Cd~(2+) among different Mw fractions. The results of fluorescence quenching illustrated that the binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions was controlled by the content of functional groups, while the binding affinity was largely influenced by structural factors. The results provide a better understanding of the roles that different HA Mw fractions play in heavy metal binding,which has important implications in the control of heavy metal migration and bio-toxicity.     

棉布厚度对辐射式电暖器引燃能力影响研究

实验研究了棉布厚度对辐射式电暖器的引燃能力影响情况。实验用电暖器上加热管向外辐射热通量占电器功率之间的比例(辐射率η值)为65%。辐射式电暖器可以使棉布发生阴燃燃烧,当单面工作功率为400 W的电暖器紧贴棉布且全过程全覆盖的前提下棉布阴燃的临界厚度在0.18 mm～0.48 mm之间,当棉布厚度超过0.48 mm时将发生阴燃,但薄棉布通常难以直接发生有焰燃烧。对于用棉布开始阴燃时间表征的电暖器引燃能力,随着棉布厚度的增大,电暖器对棉布的引燃能力将减弱。     

安全经济学应用原理及新观点

安全经济学理论急需加速发展,才能适应新时期安全发展的新需要。论文运用理论研究和逻辑思辨方法,依据从实践到理论的原则,在简述有关安全经济学核心原理的基础上,归纳出安全经济问题的人性假设原理、现实安全经济问题的时空边际预设原理等14条安全经济学应用原理及一些推论,并基于安全经济学应用原理提出了安全是一种资源并可引申为一种等效生产要素、资本或产品的新观点。研究结果对发展安全经济学理论和创新安全管理模式等具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

浮式LNG平台串靠卸载泄漏后果影响分析

浮式LNG生产储卸装置(FLNG)作为新兴的深海气田生产装置,集天然气生产、液化、储存和装卸功能于一身,其卸载方式主要有旁靠卸载和串靠卸载2种,其中串靠卸载因能适应恶劣海况而备受深海作业欢迎,但串靠卸载的泄漏后果和影响尚不明确,因此研究恶劣海况下LNG串靠卸载的泄漏风险及后果尤为迫切和重要。考虑海上极端气象条件,采用DNV公司的PHAST软件,定量计算FLNG串靠卸载方式在卸载臂发生小孔、中孔、大孔泄漏及全尺寸破裂时,LNG泄漏后产生的具有火灾爆炸危险性的蒸汽隔离区域,根据伤害阈值明确LNG导致人员低温冻伤和窒息的最小距离,并对可能发生的喷射火、池火和蒸汽云爆炸等恶劣事故造成的后果进行预测。     

2013-2015年十堰市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

利用十堰市空气自动监测站的监测数据,采用综合指数、空气质量指数(AQI)和Spearman秩相关系数法等评价方法,研究十堰市2013年-2015年环境空气质量变化情况及其影响因素,为城市的大气污染防治提供治理思路.结果表明:2013年-2015年十堰市城区空气质量逐年好转,除PM10和PM2.5外,其他因子均达标,污染物贡献比例中,PM10和PM2.5污染负荷占比超过50%,为主要污染物;十堰市城区空气质量整体呈夏季较好,冬季较差的趋势;全市中开发区铁二处空气质量较好,张湾区刘家沟空气质量较差;结合自然因素和人为因素,综合分析空气质量的变化情况,通过调整能源结构、减少污染源排放和使用清洁能源等多项措施,并注意季节特征和加强预警预报工作,进而改善空气质量.     

Anaerobic digestion in mesophilic and room temperature conditions: Digestion performance and soil-borne pathogen survival

Tomato plant waste(TPW) was used as the feedstock of a batch anaerobic reactor to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion on Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici survival. Batch experiments were carried out for TS(total solid) concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, at mesophilic(37 ± 1°C) and room(20–25°C) temperatures. Results showed that higher digestion performance was achieved under mesophilic digestion temperature and lower TS concentration conditions. The biogas production ranged from 71 to 416 L/kg VS(volatile solids). The inactivation of anaerobic digestion tended to increase as digestion performance improved. The maximum log copies reduction of R. solanacearum and P. capsici detected by quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction) were 3.80 and 4.08 respectively in reactors with 4% TS concentration at mesophilic temperatures. However, both in mesophilic and room temperature conditions, the lowest reduction of R. solanacearum was found in the reactors with 6% TS concentration, which possessed the highest VFA(volatile fatty acid) concentration. These findings indicated that simple accumulation of VFAs failed to restrain R. solanacearum effectively, although the VFAs were considered poisonous. P. capsici was nearly completely dead under all conditions. Based on the digestion performance and the pathogen survival rate, a model was established to evaluate the digestate biosafety.