Application of a constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment: a pilot-scale study

The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and capacity of using constructed wetlands on industrial pollutant removal. Four parallel pilot-scale modified free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems [dimension for each system: 4-m (L)x1-m (W)x1-m (D)] were installed inside an industrial park for conducting the proposed treatability study. The averaged influent contains approximately 170 mg l(-1) chemical oxygen demand (COD), 80 mg l(-1) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 90 mg l(-1) suspend solid (SS), and 32 mg l(-1) NH(3)-N. In the plant-selection study, four different wetland plant species including floating plants [Pistia stratiotes L. (P. stratiotes) and Ipomoea aquatica (I. aquatica)] and emergent plants [Phragmites communis L. (P. communis) and Typha orientalis Presl. (T. orientalis)] were evaluated. Results show that only the emergent plant (P. communis) could survive and reproduce with a continuous feed of 0.4m(3)d(-1) of the raw wastewater. Thus, P. communis was used in the subsequent treatment study. Two different control parameters including hydraulic retention time (HRT) (3, 5, and 7d) and media [vesicles ceramic bioballs and small gravels, 1cm in diameter] were examined in the treatment study. Results indicate that the system with a 5-d HRT (feed rate of 0.4m(3)d(-1)) and vesicles ceramic bioballs as the media had the acceptable and optimal pollutant removal efficiency. If operated under conditions of the above parameters, the pilot-plant wetland system can achieve removal of 61% COD, 89% BOD, 81% SS, 35% TP, and 56% NH(3)-N. The treated wastewater meets the current industrial wastewater discharge standards in Taiwan.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理硝基苯废水的研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)中温处理含硝基苯废水,研究了工艺条件和硝基苯的降解特点.试验结果表明:在进水COD浓度为2088 mg/L,硝基苯浓度为16.8 mg/L,反应温度为35℃,停留时间为24 h条件下,ABR能有效处理硝基苯废水,COD去除率为86.4%,硝基苯去除率为91.1%;在厌氧条件下,硝基苯降解为苯胺,但苯胺很难再进一步分解;硝基苯的去除历程推断为先吸附后分解.     

曝气对潜流人工湿地中木本植物的影响

为了增加人工湿地植物的多样性,本文将花叶冬青(Ilex aquifolium)、月季(Rosa chinensis)和八角金盘(Fatsia japonica)3种木本植物引入潜流人工湿地,比较曝气前后系统对污水处理效果,植物的生物量与对TN、TP负荷减少的贡献率,根系形态与内部结构、根际微生物与基质酶活性的比较研究。结果表明,木本植物潜流人工湿地系统曝气后可以提高COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP的去除率,分别为6.99%、4.91%、10.25%、8.09%。湿地曝气有利于3种木本植物的生长,在曝气后比曝气前生物量增加了381.75、606.25和896.88 g/m2。曝气会促使木本植物长出大量须根,且曝气后的根系具有大量由薄壁细胞组成的通气组织的水生根特征。同时,曝气后增加了硝化菌数量,各处理单元中硝化菌增量分别为A:0.28 MPN×104/g,B:4.23 MPN×104/g,C:7.7 MPN×104/g。另外,曝气后植物根际基质中磷酸酶和尿酶的含量增加量大约在50%以上,这与系统中N和P的去除率提高的规律一致。     

A/O-MBR中硝化活性污泥的富集及其对氧氟沙星的降解作用

采用A/O-MBR系统,逐步提高进水氨氮浓度富集了硝化活性污泥(NAS),在此基础上,考察了COD、烯丙基硫脲(ATU)、氨氮初始浓度及氨氧化速率对NAS降解氧氟沙星(OFL)的影响。结果表明:富集的NAS的氨氧化速率达到了20 mg/(g SS·h)以上,对OFL具有明显降解作用;ATU存在条件下,COD对OFL的去除作用没有影响;提高初始氨氮浓度和NAS氨氧化速率均可以提高OFL降解量;初始氨氮浓度由50 mg/提升至150 mg/L时,OFL降解量由67.26 μg/g提高到82.11 μg/g;氨氧化速率由小于2.5 mg/(g SS·h)提升至大于20 mg/(g SS·h)时,OFL降解量由30.71 μg/g提高到75.16 μg/g。     

新型混凝剂在废水处理中的应用研究

自行研发出一种新型混凝剂，它能广泛应用于印染废水、生活污水和餐饮废水等的处理。经过一步强化混凝处理后，各种废水的COD、色度和浊度等均有良好的去除效果。混凝污泥可以再生重复利用。     

香港城市固体废物系统管理

本文以大量翔实的数据介绍了香港对城市固体废物的系统管理,即分类、收集、监测分析、处理和预测评价。香港环保署自８０ 年代开始对城市固体废物进行监测并系统管理。在全港设置了３ 个大型策略性填埋场、５ 个垃圾转运站、１ 个垃圾焚烧厂（１９９７ 年５ 月关闭） 和１个化学废物处理中心。目前,香港政府正筹建一个新的、技术先进的焚烧厂。从１９８６ ～１９９７年,这些废物处理设施处理全港废物量为８９６０ ～２４３００ｔ／ｄ,其中城市固体废物比例每年不等,最低为３０ ．７ ％ ,最高为６５ ．５ ％ 。１９９７ 年,这些废物中可循环再利用物接近５０ ％ ,出口部分达１２０ 多万吨,回收资金２０ 多亿港元。根据历年来城市固体废物量与本地生产总值（ＧＤＰ）和人口数量的密切相关性,预测出２０１１ 年城市固体废物人均产率为２ ．５６ｋｇ／ 人·ｄ, 城市固体废物量为１２８１０ ｔ／ｄ。城市固体废物系统管理紧迫而重要,香港的经验是值得我们借鉴的。     

Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmium in red soil

A three-month incubation study was undertaken to examine the influence of N, P and K on the various forms (soluble plus exchangeable (SE), weakly specifically adsorbed (WSA), Fe-Mn oxides bound (OX), organic matter complexed (OM) and residual fractions (RES)) of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in a red soil. Application of urea at the rate of 200 mg N/kg significantly lowered the SE fraction, but raised the WSA or OX fraction of both metals. Supply of 80 mg P/kg caused a decrease in the SE fraction of the two metals. The WSA fraction of Pb was reduced, whereas that of Cd increased by adding P. However, addition of 100 mg K/kg led to an increase in the SE fraction, but a decrease in the WSA fraction of Pb and Cd. Applying chemical fertilizers had no significant consistent influences on the other fractions of metals. These findings suggest that in heavy metal contaminated red soil, applying fertilizers does not only provide plant nutrients, but may also change the speciations and thus biovailability of heavy metals.     

Fenton-混凝法处理焦化废水的试验研究

对Fenton预氧化-混凝法联用技术处理焦化废水进行了研究,探讨了Fenton氧化阶段H2O2投加量、混凝阶段pH值以及混凝剂投加量等因素对焦化废水COD去除率的影响,确定了最佳处理条件.结果表明,Fenton预氧化-混凝法处理焦化废水取得了良好效果,COD去除率达97.5%,为该工艺实际处理焦化废水提供了实验依据.     

RuO2-IrO2/Ti阳极电催化降解偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水

以自制Ti基RuO2-IrO2镀层形稳电极为阳极,采用电催化氧化处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水。以硫酸钠为支持电解质,在自然pH条件下分别考察了电解时间、电极间距、电流密度和电解质浓度等因素对甲基橙去除率的影响,并分析其原因。实验结果表明,在自然pH、电极间距为1.0 cm、电流密度为30.0 mA/cm2、电解质硫酸钠浓度为20.0 g/L、电解1.0 h,甲基橙去除率高达90.0%以上。 因此,电催化氧化法作为一种高效、简便的染料废水处理技术,具有一定的应用潜力。     

试论环境在线监测监控信息管理系统建设

环境在线监测监控系统是基于WEBGIS技术,利用通讯网络平台,集中采集监测设备发出的数据信息,并进行分拣、计算、入库、匹配等工作,系统在基础地理数据的支持下,把空气监测点、城市空气、流域水质、噪声数据等按图层进行管理,对污染源进行监控.并将数据及时传送到监控中心.本文阐述了建立在线监测监控信息管理系统,在环境保护领域的重要性.介绍了系统的总体目标以及系统的主要内容和功能,指出该系统是应急监测强有力的技术手段.