秸秆沼气综合利用项目运营期的环境影响评价研究

根据环境影响评价的方法和导则,分析了秸秆沼气综合利用项目运营期对环境产生的不良影响,预测和评价了运营期的大气、废水和噪声污染.结果表明,运营期排放的废水可以满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准;烟(粉)尘、SO2是大气污染物的主要成分,项目高噪设备在厂界四周的噪声叠加值满足噪声排放标准.同时提出了相应的环保措施,总结了此类项目环境影响评价的特点.     

BP 神经网络模型在环境气象灾害预测中的应用研究--以湖南省为例

依据环境气象数据与自然灾害统计数据,建立BP神经网络模型,对湖南主要气象灾害（洪灾、旱灾、冰冻灾）及受灾经济损失进行实例预测,将在MATLAB7软件中的仿真结果与传统的多元线性回归模型分析结果进行比较和误差分析。结果表明,BP神经网络模型在洪灾、旱灾受灾率方面的预测效果和精度优于多元回归模型,而由于冰灾训练样本不足及经济损失与输入因子的线性相关程度高,在冰灾与受灾经济损失率方面稍逊于多元回归模型。     

上海市降水过程中汞的浓度变化研究

为了研究降水过程中汞浓度变化规律,采集了上海市区2009年7月6日一次连续降水过程中的分时段12个雨水样品,利用冷原子荧光测汞仪测定了总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞浓度.分析结果显示,降水过程各时段雨水样品的总汞浓度变化范围为0.26～0.53 μg·L-1之间,其中溶解态汞占总汞的比例为67.9％～96.8％;总汞浓度和颗粒态汞浓度的总体变化规律较一致,降水事件的前30分钟内浓度较高,之后逐渐降低,最终趋于稳定;溶解态汞浓度从降水事件开始由高到低逐渐变化,最终也趋于稳定.通过清除比计算云下冲刷过程对雨水中总汞浓度的贡献,发现云下冲刷的贡献大于40.9％.     

在用轻型汽油车排放水平及趋势变化拟合研究

基于佛山市2.7万条稳态加载模拟工况法(ASM)的尾气排放检测数据,在分析了总体排放劣化特征随行驶里程呈规律性变化的基础上,通过分类统计和回归分析方法研究了在用轻型汽油车的排放劣化增长模型及不同排放标准机动车的排放特征.分析结果表明,线性增长模型能很好地表现CO,HC,NO三种污染物随行驶里程的劣化规律;不同排放标准的轻型汽油车排放特征差异很大,国零、Ⅰ、Ⅱ排放水平很高,对总体排放影响较大.研究结论对于预测机动车污染变化趋势,完善在用车检查/维护制度等方面可以提供理论支持.     

卫星遥感洞庭湖主汛期水体时空变化特征及影响因子分析

基于1989~2011年的长时间序列卫星遥感数据,利用综合水体信息提取方法提取了洞庭湖区6~9月主汛期的水体信息,通过较高分辨率卫星遥感数据验证,水体面积提取精度达到90%以上。洞庭湖年平均径流入湖量、NCEP再分析资料计算的湖体上空和流域累计月平均降水量分别与水体面积变化的关系进行分析,结果表明: 1989~2011年间洞庭湖水体面积最大值主要分布在7和8月,这两个月也是洞庭湖区域发生洪涝灾情的高风险期;洞庭湖水体面积与年平均径流入湖水量的相关系数为0.67(置信度为95%);2003年以前,洞庭湖主汛期间水体面积波动比较大,2003年三峡水库运行后,洞庭湖的面积波动有所减少;洞庭湖上空累计月平均降水量对于水体面积存在正相关性,相关系数为0.68(置信度为99%);2003年以前,洞庭湖流域累计月平均降水量和水体面积相关系数为0.50(置信度为90%),2003年三峡水库运行后,两者相关性有所减弱。     

含铁地下水的危害及处理措施

地下水中铁的超标会给社会生产和生活带来一定的危害性。本文综合分析了现今的地下水除铁技术,主要有空气自然氧化法、锰砂除铁法、氯氧化法、接触氧化法和生物法等,对其特点进行总结,对地下水的防治具有较强的指导意义。     

Contamination and vertical distribution of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Pb,Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from tailings retention ponds

The contamination and vertical distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from the tailings retention pond were investigated. As, Cr, Cu, and Zn were slightly contaminated in the surface soil and hence their vertical distribution was not obvious. However, Cd and Pb were highly contaminated in the surface soil, while their concentrations decreased with depth, being negatively correlated with pH and positively with total organic matter. Tl was considerably contaminated in the surface soil and a V-shaped vertical distribution was observed where the concentration increased to a maximum at about 30 cm depth and decreased thereafter. The findings revealed that the regular irrigation with untreated leachate from the tailings retention ponds could cause considerable contamination of Cd, Pb, and Tl, and thus tailings should be stringently treated before disposal to minimize their potential environmental impacts on the surroundings.     

江苏省暴雨洪涝灾害特征分析

通过引入灾度模型,对2004-2013年江苏省253次暴雨洪涝灾情进行了综合评估,给出了灾害等级的划分标准,分析了暴雨洪涝灾害发生频率与降雨量间的关系,确定了临界雨量,构建了灾度预测模型。结果显示:江苏省的暴雨洪涝灾害以轻灾及中灾居多。灾害多发且较重的区域位于西北部、东部及长江沿江地区;灾害少发且较轻的区域位于沿淮及苏南地区。梅雨锋引发的灾害频次最多,热带系统引发的暴雨灾害的灾度最大,而中小尺度对流系统所引发的灾害频次最少、灾度最小。引发暴雨洪涝灾害的临界雨强是18~20 mm/h,过程最大24 h降水量的临界值为35~40 mm。通过选用降水量因子建立的逐步回归方程对轻灾及中灾的空报率偏高,但对大灾及重大灾害的预测结果还是可以接受的。     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.