环境监测质量保证和质量控制因素及对策分析

随着国家对生态环境的保护及管理力度不断加大,环境监测所发挥的作用也越来越凸显。但是在现有的技术条件下,结合我国各地区复杂的环境条件,使得环境监测的质量还是会受到多方面因素的影响。本次研究正是针对环境监测质量保证和质量控制因素及其对策进行分析,找到了影响环境监测质量的常见因素,并给出了控制优化环境监测质量的对策。     

Ti-天然沸石的钛掺杂取代法制备、表征和光催化性能

以酸处理脱铝后信阳天然斜发沸石为载体,硫酸钛、钛酸正丁酯和四氯化钛为钛源,分别采用浸渍法和气相法制备出钛掺杂沸石光催化剂。采用X-射线衍射和傅立叶红外光谱分析了沸石酸处理及钛取代前后结构。结果表明,80℃下,4 mol/L盐酸处理10 h后沸石结构发生了显著变化,但仍保持Al-O-Si骨架结构。红外光谱结果证明Ti4+与沸石形成稳定的Ti-O-Si键。在以300 W紫外灯为光源进行罗丹明B脱色反应,考察了含钛沸石的光催化活性。初始浓度为80 mg/L,光照1.5 h后罗丹明B的去除率为98.18%。     

磁性载体固定化机油降解菌FZ5的研究

利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-磁性竹炭复合制备磁性悬浮小球,该小球的磁矫顽力为28.6 mT,具有较强的磁场,可用于磁场引导分离。利用磁性悬浮小球作为载体对机油降解菌FZ5进行固定化,研究了固定化时间、降解时间、固定化小球投加量、初始pH值和初始机油浓度对机油降油率的影响。结果表明,在固定化挂膜3 d,固定化小球投加量为8％,初始pH值为7,初始机油浓度为400 mg/L,降解培养3 d后对机油的降解率可达91.21％。     

煤矿职业安全健康与个人防护装备

为贯彻落实《国务院关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》，本刊特邀我国个体防护装备专家、全国个体防护装备标准化技术委员会顾问佘启元教授撰写此文。文章资料翔实，论述深入，建议读者认真一读。[编者按]     

Association between fetal nuchal translucency thickness in first trimester and subsequent gestational hypertension and preeclampsia

Increased fetal nuchal translucency (NT) in the first trimester is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Whether the increased NT is also associated with an increased frequency of pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH) is not known. Seven hundred and seventy-nine pregnant women who received NT-based Down syndrome screening and delivered their babies at our hospital by September 2000 were enrolled into this study. Among these women, there are 46 cases of preeclampsia, 68 cases of gestational hypertension (GH); 665 women without any adverse pregnancy outcomes served as controls. Correlation analysis demonstrated that NT MoM (multiples of median) level had a positive association with maternal diastolic blood pressure at the time of admission for delivery (r = 0.104; p < 0.01). The severity of PAH was concordant with the stepwise increase of mean NT MoM level, which was 0.88 in control, 1.07 in gestational hypertension, and 1.13 in preeclampsia (p < 0.001). Using the 95th (1.52 MoM) and 90th (1.31 MoM) percentiles of NT thickness as cut-offs, the sensitivities and odds ratios of the women at risk for developing GH after 20 weeks of gestation were 8.8%, 19.1% and 1.98, 2.15 respectively, while for preeclampsia were 10.9%, 28.3% and 2.49, 3.58 respectively. It is concluded that the pathological changes in the placenta responsible for the development of PAH may also influence the physiological decrease of NT thickness in late first trimester. However, the sensitivity of fetal NT measurement in first trimester is not sufficient as a single marker for predicting the pregnant women at risk for subsequent PAH. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冶金企业典型事故的系统安全分析

运用安全系统工程原理 ,对冶金企业典型事故原因进行分析 ,并提出预防措施     

Bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia to induce struvite crystallization for recovering phosphorus from aqueous solution

A novel struvite crystallization method induced by bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia(MgO) was investigated to recover phosphorus(P) from aqueous solution using a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell(DMEC). Magnesium ion(Mg~(2+)) in the anolyte was firstly confirmed to automatically migrate from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber, and then react with ammonium(NH+4) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)) in the catholyte to form struvite. Recovery efficiency of 17.8%–60.2% was obtained with the various N/P ratios in the catholyte. When MgO(low solubility under alkali conditions) was added into the anolyte, the bioelectrochemical acidolysis of MgO naturally took place and the released Mg~(2+)induced struvite crystallization in the cathode chamber for P recovery likewise.Besides, there was a strong linear positive correlation between the recovery efficiency and the MgO dosage(R~2= 0.935), applied voltage(R~2= 0.969) and N/P ratio(R~2= 0.905). Increasing the applied voltage was found to enhance the P recovery via promoting the MgO acidolysis and the released Mg~(2+)migration, while increasing the N/P ratio in the catholyte enhanced the P recovery via promoting the struvite crystallization. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the system was promoted due to more stable anolyte pH and lower pH gradient between the two chambers. Current density was promoted by 10%, while the COD removal efficiency was improved from 78.2% to 91.8% in the anode chamber.     

乙蒜素乳油在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态

采用田间试验,对乙蒜素乳油在长沙、广州、山东、北京四地的黄瓜及土壤中的残留进行了研究,结果表明乙蒜素在黄瓜中的消解速度较快,乙蒜素在黄瓜中半衰期分别为广州3．47d,长沙1．37d,山东2．10d,北京3．18d;乙蒜素在土壤中半衰期分别为广州3．34d,长沙2．46d,山东2．60d,北京2．89d;41％乙蒜素乳油兑水稀释1500倍（乙蒜素浓度为33．75mg·L^-1）,使用2次,末次施药7d后,乙蒜素在未检出-0．011mg·kg^-1,在土壤中为未检出。该药属于易降解农药（T1/2〈30d）,按推荐剂量使用是安全的。     

城市新区的环境管理模式创新与可持续发展研究

探讨了在城市化的过程中,城市新区面临的生态环境问题和环境管理的不足。在此基础上,构建了以社会调控机制为推动力、以PDCA循环为持续改进模式的城市新区环境管理模式,以实现城市新区的发展模式由“又快又好”向“又好又快”转变。     

非能动安全系统在火电厂脱硫系统中的应用

阐述了非能动安全概念及其在核安全中的应用,进而把非能动安全系统理念引入火电厂脱硫系统中,在保证安全与功能的前提下,对取消旁路烟道改造前后进行对比分析,证实是可行的、合理的。