电控膜生物反应器技术回顾与展望

电控膜生物反应器(Electrical membrane bioreactor,eMBR)在膜生物反应器中引入电极反应、电场效应,将膜分离技术、微生物降解以及电化学水处理技术有机结合,提升出水水质、减缓膜污染、强化产生物气,对构建"碳中和"型污水处理技术模式具有重要科学意义和应用价值.近年来,膜材料科学和反应器设计不断发展,推动eMBR技术进步,在强化污染物去除、电化学控制膜污染和微生物电化学响应原理方面取得重要进展;对eMBR的研究出现新态势:注重导电膜/膜电极材料研制与应用、回收污水中资源与能源、短流程-无药剂的反应器构造和工艺设计.本文总结回顾了国内外相关研究,分析了eMBR的基本特征和优势功能,重点关注膜污染电控原理以及微生物的电场响应机制,并展望了eMBR的发展趋势,以期推动电驱动膜分离技术的研究与应用.     

Photodegradation of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) in coastal seawaters: Important role of DOM

Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) have attracted concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment, and their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, little is known about their aquatic environmental degradation behavior. In this study, photodegradation of a representative of BT-UVs, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Results show that UV-P photodegrades slower under neutral conditions (neutral form) than under acidic or alkaline conditions (cationic and anionic forms). Indirect photodegradation is a dominant elimination pathway of UV-P in coastal seawaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from seawaters accelerate the photodegradation rates mainly through excited triplet DOM (³DOM^?), and the roles of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are negligible in the matrixes. DOM from seawaters impacted by mariculture exhibits higher steady-state concentration of ³DOM^? ([³DOM^?]) relative to those from pristine seawaters, leading to higher photosensitizing effects on the photodegradation. Halide ions inhibit the DOM-sensitized photodegradation of UV-P by decreasing [³DOM^?]. Photodegradation half-lives of UV-P are estimated to range from 24.38 to 49.66?hr in field water bodies of the Yellow River estuary. These results are of importance for assessing environmental fate and risk UV-P in coastal water bodies.     

天地一体化遥感监测大气污染技术进展

天地一体化遥感监测技术通过地基和卫星融合互补,成为研究大气污染来源、传输和影响的重要方法.但目前国外主导的地基和卫星遥感算法不适应国内复杂大气环境,其数据可靠性尚需验证.为进一步推动国内大气研究自主性,厘清天地一体化遥感监测技术发展现状,对相应的平台建设、算法研发及应用实例进行介绍.结果表明:①可通过地基观测网络实时连续监测大气污染物的浓度（柱总量）/廓线信息,目前国内组建并运行了CNEMC空气质量监测网络和USTC地基遥感网络.②可通过紫外-可见波段卫星载荷获取全球/区域尺度大气污染物的浓度（柱总量）/廓线产品,GF-5搭载的EMI填补了国内该类载荷的空白,基于DOAS（BOAS）的柱总量反演算法、基于OE的垂直廓线反演算法是当下国际主流业务算法.③天地一体化遥感监测技术以高精度、广覆盖、准定位的优势得到快速发展,可为亟需解决的大气污染治理成效评估、作用机理研究、区域传输测算及精准溯源等难题提供技术支持.研究显示,天地一体化遥感监测技术需以应用化和业务化为导向,加快观测平台硬件建设,加强相关反演算法研发,深入融合多平台数据,全面推进大气遥感监测技术的立体化和系统化发展.      

电絮凝-超滤除氟控铝工艺参数优化

电絮凝-超滤（electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration process,EC-UF）工艺在饮用水除氟方面具有良好的应用前景,但是存在着能耗较高和出水余铝不达标的问题。实验通过优化电絮凝参数和pH,解决了EC-UF工艺能耗高和出水余铝不达标问题。主要考察了电絮凝pH、电流密度、水力停留时间、初始氟浓度对氟离子的去除效果以及膜污染的控制情况,并分析了铝络合物对氟的去除机理。结果表明,在电流密度10 A·m-2、水力停留时间30 min、pH在6.0~7.0的最佳工艺条件下,EC-UF工艺的出水氟、余铝含量均可达到生活饮用水水质标准。与传统工艺相比,调控pH的EC-UF工艺能耗为0.467 kWh·g-1,降低了33.9%,并且具有较好的出水水质,表明pH的调控是EC-UF除氟控铝工艺优化的关键因素。     

炭黑流动电极的孔径分布对流动电极电容去离子脱盐性能的影响

流动电极电容去离子(flow electrode capacitive deionization,FCDI)主要依靠流动电极的电吸附来实现离子去除。而其中流动电极的孔径分布是影响FCDI的脱盐性能的重要因素。为此,选择4种具有高导电性的炭黑(carbon black,CB)作为流动电极,考察了流动电极的孔径分布对FCDI脱盐性能的影响。结果表明,在隔离闭合循环(isolated closed-cycle,ICC)模式下,脱盐性能与流动电极的比表面积呈正相关(r=0.918),并主要受介孔面积的影响。在单循环(single cycle,SC)模式下,FCDI的脱盐性能与介孔面积呈正相关(r=0.583),与微孔面积呈负相关(r=-0.725)。当使用介孔面积最大的炭黑作为流动电极时,离子在流动电极表面的解吸速率升高了53%,FCDI的脱盐率提高了702%。吸附-解吸实验结果表明,由于微孔存在尺寸小、吸附-解吸路径长等缺点,使被流动电极吸附的离子难以被快速解吸,从而抑制了在SC模式下流动电极的再生。介孔可强化FCDI在2种操作模式下的脱盐性能;而微孔却抑制了SC模式下的离子解吸,从而降低了FCDI的脱盐性能。以上研究结果可为流动电极的设计和选择提供参考。     

电絮凝处理腐殖酸过程中阳极钝化影响因素分析

针对电絮凝(electrocoagulation,EC)处理腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)过程中电极易发生钝化,造成处理效能下降的问题,主要探究了阳极表面粗糙度、初始pH、初始HA浓度对于铝阳极钝化的影响,随后通过检测溶液中残留Al³⁺浓度和阳极板表面形貌,进一步分析了HA浓度对于铝阳极钝化发展的影响机制。结果表明：铝阳极钝化程度与阳极板表面算数平均粗糙度(arithmetic mean roughness,Ra)呈负相关,随着Ra从2 055 nm下降到270 nm,阳极板的电荷转移电阻(charge transfer resistor,Rct)从1 174.0 Ω·cm²增大到1 481.2 Ω·cm²;当溶液初始pH从3 提高到 7 时,极板的Rct从461.0 Ω·cm²增大到1 120.2 Ω·cm²,而当pH继续升高到 9 时,极板的Rct下降到169.5 Ω·cm²;铝阳极钝化程度随溶液初始HA浓度呈现先减小后增大的规律。HA的质量浓度从0 mg·L⁻¹ 提高到20 mg·L⁻¹ 时,对应极板的Rct从1 536.4 Ω·cm²减小到932.9 Ω·cm²,HA的质量浓度进一步上升至200 mg·L⁻¹时,对应极板的Rct又从932.9 Ω·cm²增大到1 403.2 Ω·cm²。本研究结果可为EC在实际应用中抑制阳极钝化提供参考。     

Defect-enhanced photocatalytic removal of dimethylarsinic acid over mixed-phase mesoporous TiO2

Much attention has been paid to the pollutant dimethylarsenic acid(DMA),because of its high toxicity even at very low doses.Although TiO₂ photocatalytic oxidation(PCO) is one of the few effective methods for treating DMA-containing water,the efficient decomposition of DMA and simultaneous removal of toxic arsenic species remains a significant but challenging task.Here,defective mesoporous TiO₂ with mixed-phase structure was synthesized and used as both photocatalyst and ads...     

隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性定量分析研究

以降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度、土壤质地、植被覆盖度等自然因素及土壤侵蚀敏感性综合指数作为评价指标,利用GIS与RS技术,对隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性进行定量分析,并研究其分布特征,为地区水土保持工作提供科学依据.研究表明:隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性整体以轻度敏感为主,降雨及土壤质地对土壤侵蚀影响较大,桂花井镇、金鹅镇、李市镇、圣灯镇、石燕桥镇、渔箭镇土壤侵蚀相对较为敏感,是今后水土保持的重点区域.     

Demulsification performance and mechanism of oil droplets by electrocoagulation: Role of surfactant

Surfactants are widely used to improve the solubility of oil in water in petrochemical, making it more difficult to remove oil–water emulsions during the water treatment process. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an appropriate method for treating oily wastewater and destabilizing emulsions. However, the demulsification mechanism of oil–water droplets emulsified by surfactants with different charges have not been investigated systematically. The demulsification performance of electrocoagulation on emulsions wastewater containing cationic, non-ionic, and anionic surfactants was studied. The results showed that the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in oily wastewater with anionic surfactant by EC reached 92.98% ± 0.40% at a current density of 1 mA/cm², while that of the non-ionic surfactant was 84.88% ± 0.63%. The characterization of flocs showed that EC has the highest coagulation and demulsification of oil droplets with a negative charge on the surface (−70.50 ± 10.25 mV), which indicated that the charge neutralization of oil droplets was beneficial for the destabilization of the formed oily flocs. However, when the zeta potential of the oil droplets reached 75.50 ± 1.25 mV, the TOC removal efficiency was only 11.80% ± 1.43%. The TOC removal could achieve 33.23% ± 3.21% when the current density improved from 1 mA/cm² to 10 mA/cm². The enhanced removal was due to the sweep coagulation rather than charge neutralization. This study provides a fundamental basis for the electrochemical treatment of oily wastewater.     

Preferential binding between intracellular organic matters and Al13 polymer to enhance coagulation performance

Coagulation is the best available method for removing intracellular organic matter (IOM), which is released from algae cells and is an important precursor to disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. To gain insight into the best strategy to optimize IOM removal, the coagulation performance of two Al salts, i.e., aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl, containing 81.2% Al₁₃), was investigated to illuminate the effect of Al species distribution on IOM removal. PACl showed better removal efficiency than AlCl₃ with regard to the removal of turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), owing to the higher charge neutralization effect and greater stability of pre-formed Al₁₃ species. High pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis indicated that the superiority of PACl in DOC removal could be ascribed to the higher binding affinity between Al₁₃ polymer and the low and medium molecular weight (MW) fractions of IOM. The results of differential log-transformed absorbance at 254 and 350?nm indicated more significant formation of complexes between AlCl₃ and IOM, which benefits the removal of tryptophan-like proteins thereafter. Additionally, PACl showed more significant superiority compared to AlCl₃ in the removal of < 5?kDa and hydrophilic fractions, which are widely viewed as the most difficult to remove by coagulation. This study provides insight into the interactions between Al species and IOM, and advances the optimization of coagulation for the removal of IOM in eutrophic water.