汾河流域水资源承载力评估及生态敏感性分析

汾河流域是山西省重要的水资源供给区,是促进山西省区域协调发展的重要区域,汾河流域高质量发展的关键在于汾河生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展。利用DPSIR-TOPSIS模型对汾河流域水资源承载力进行分析,结果表明,2012—2021年汾河流域的水资源承载力水平实现了阶段性增长,高质量经济发展水平和高水平水资源保护的协同推进促成了水资源承载力的整体平稳上升。基于层次分析法和空间分析法的生态敏感性分析结果表明,轻、中、高敏感区占汾河流域的79.51%,极敏感区占区域的14.45%,植被覆盖度是影响区域生态敏感性的重要考量。本研究对汾河流域水资源承载力和生态敏感性的时空变化进行了综合评估,为汾河流域高质量发展路径设计提供科学依据。     

电絮凝-超滤组合技术处理含铜废水

采用电絮凝-超滤（electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF）组合技术对含铜废水中的铜离子进行了处理实验研究。讨论了电流密度、初始pH、初始铜浓度和初始电导率等因素对铜的去除效果和膜污染的影响,并分析了这些影响因素对EC-UF组合技术效率的作用机制。结果表明,在电流密度J=50 A·m-2、初始铜浓度C（Cu2+）≤40 mg·L-1、初始pH=4~8、初始电导率σ=2 mS·cm-1、电解时间20 min的条件下,废水中铜的去除率达到99.6%并有效的减缓了膜污染。本研究为EC-UF组合技术除铜的实践应用提供了科学依据。     

Partitioning and sources of PAHs in wastewater receiving streams of Tianjin,China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) partitioning among dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter, pore water, and sediment was studied in one moderately contaminated river (Yongding New River) and two highly contaminated drainage canals (South Drainage Canal and North Drainage Canal) of Tianjin, China. PAHs concentrations in sediment (ranged from 0.2 to 195 μg/g) showed positive relations with both total organic carbon contents (ranged from 0.7% to 31.1%, dw) and black carbon contents (ranged from 0.1% to 2.1%, dw) in the sediments. Moreover, most of the measured organic carbon normalized partition coefficients of PAHs in the three streams were 0.76 to 1.54 log units higher than the predicted values. These indicated that strong and nonlinear sorption of PAHs by carbonaceous geosorbents such as black carbon (BC) existed in the streams, and BC was an important part of the carbonaceous particles controlling the partitioning of PAHs in the sediments of this study. PAH component ratio analyses suggested that PAHs in the three streams, effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants, and soil samples by the riverbank had similar main sources, which is coal/petroleum combustion. We suggested the transportation and transformation of both carbonaceous particles and PAHs during wastewater treatment process, surface runoff, etc, should be studied further in order to make decisions on PAHs controlling measures.     

含油污泥压榨处理的中试研究

以辽河石化公司浓缩污泥为研究对象,考察了含油污泥添加煤作为助滤剂的压榨处理工艺的技术可行性和经济合理性。通过测试分析,油泥原样含水率为97.1%,油质量浓度3 516.3 mg/L,固含量2.5%,pH值为7.2。考察了工艺条件对油泥压榨效果的影响。实验表明,煤粒度范围0.25~0.42 mm、过滤压力0.4 MPa、煤添加量32 g/L、空气吹脱时间10 min为最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下对油泥压榨处理工艺进行分析,发现C对油的截留率可达96.2%,滤液经沉降后可以达到返回污水处理系统的要求;滤饼含水率降至48.2%,热值可达12 958.2 kJ/kg(自然干化24 h后为14 613.7 kJ/kg),可用于锅炉燃烧,达到回收利用油泥中可燃物质的目的。对油泥压榨工艺进行经济效益分析,在中试条件下,每处理1 t油泥约有2.1元的收益。     

硫自养反硝化饮用水脱氮：悬浮填料与硫源作用效果评估

针对饮用水硝酸盐污染和固定床硫自养反硝化脱氮负荷低等问题,开展流化床型硫自养反硝化脱氮研究,探究聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭悬浮填料对硫自养反硝化的影响,并对比了不同硫源(升华硫、硫代硫酸钠和生物硫)对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,悬浮填料可显著提升反硝化脱氮效果,升华硫与硫代硫酸钠效果优于生物硫.在最佳条件下,TN去除率可稳定保持在98.49%,TN脱氮负荷达2.84 g·L^-1·d^-1.机理分析表明,悬浮填料中海藻酸钠可作为异养反硝化的有机碳源,实现自养与异养反硝化相结合,减少了副产物NO₂^-和SO₄^2-的生成,并提供碱度,保持体系pH的稳定.加入悬浮填料后,反硝化微生物生长得到促进,优势菌属为Thauera(兼性自养反硝化菌)和Brachymonas(异养反硝化菌).     

Pre-oxidation enhanced cyanobacteria removal in drinking water treatment: A review

Cyanobacterial bloom has many adverse effects on source water quality and drinking water production. The traditional water treatment process can hardly achieve satisfactory removal of algae cells. This review examines the impact of pre-oxidation on the removal of cyanobacteria by solid-liquid separation processes. It was reported that the introduction of chemical oxidants such as chlorine, potassium permanganate, and ozone in algae-laden water pretreatment could improve algae removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes. However, over dosed oxidants can result in more serious water quality risks due to significant algae cell lysis and undesirable intracellular organic matter release. It was suggested that moderate pre-oxidation may enhance the removal of cyanobacteria without damaging algae cells. In this article, effects of moderate pretreatment on the solid-liquid separation processes (sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, and membrane filtration) are reviewed.     

等标污染负荷法在苏州市污染源普查评价中的应用

概述了污染源等标污染负荷法的基本意义和数学公式,并且结合苏州市第一次全国污染源普查的实际,描述了在苏州市污染源普查结果的评价中,通过使用该方法后找出了影响环境的主要污染物、主要污染源、主要污染行业、以及主要区域,从而为当地的环境管理提供了明确的监控对象。     

Distribution of benzo[a]pyrene in discrete regions of rat brain tissue using light microscopic autoradiography and gamma counting

In order to study the distribution of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in rat brain, Sprague-Dawley male rats, 21-day-old, weighted 40–50 g were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of 3.7 × 10⁵ Bq kg^?1 of ¹⁴C-B[a]P. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h after the administration of radiolabeled B[a]P. Light microscopic autoradiography and gamma counting were used. Gamma counting and light microscopic autoradiography showed that ¹⁴C-B[a]P localized in hippocampus at 1 h, in cerebral cortex at 6 h, and corpus striatum at 24 h after treatment. After B[a]P administration, silver grains rose with time reaching a peak at 24 h and sharp decrease at 48 h. The silver grains distribution was higher in neurons than in gliocytes. Thus, B[a]P penetrated the blood-brain barrier and distributed in various regions of rat brain.     

贵阳中心区土壤氟的地球化学特征及其环境质量评价

为摸清土壤氟异常对生态环境的影响,利用贵州省多目标区域地球化学调查（1:250 000）项目成果,对贵阳中心区土壤氟的地球化学特征进行了深入研究,并采用全氟指数法对土壤环境质量及其生态环境效应进行初步评价.结果表明:①贵阳中心区土壤氟含量较高,表层、深层土壤氟含量平均值分别为1 143、1 438 mg/kg,且空间分布变化较大;氟含量随土层深度的增加而升高. ②不同类型土壤中氟含量变化较大,其中紫色土中含量（1 306 mg/kg）最高,水稻土次之,石灰土、粗骨土、黄壤等差别较小,其含量范围在1 099~1 167 mg/kg之间. ③土壤氟含量与其母岩呈显著正相关性,且土壤中氟含量较母岩更高,表明风化成土过程中存在一定富集,土壤氟与成土母岩之间具有一定继承性. ④土壤氟环境质量评价结果表明,研究区土壤存在局部氟污染（异常）,污染区、警戒区、安全区和清洁区所占比例分别为13.6%、62.2%、19.2%和5.0%. ⑤生态环境效应初步调查结果显示,局部土壤受氟污染区的油菜和稻谷样品中氟含量范围分别为1.86~2.68和10.40~13.50 mg/kg,同时地下水也受到一定程度的氟污染.因此,贵阳中心区土壤氟含量较高,局部土壤已受到氟污染,可能会对农产品质量、饮水安全及人体健康产生一定影响,建议政府部门及科研工作者予以高度重视.      

等离子体技术应用于气相污染物治理综述

近年来利用等离子体技术对气态污染物的氧化分解研究受到了广泛的关注.介绍了等离子体概念、分类及产生方法,简述了非平衡等离子体技术对气体污染物的降解原理,较全面地介绍了等离子体技术在脱硫、脱硝以及降解挥发性有机物(VOCs)等方面的研究.最后指出了今后等离子体处理废气的应用研究方向.