锌冶炼废渣重金属在地块土壤中的垂向迁移特征及归趋

为探讨冶炼废渣中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,开展了90 d持续和间歇淋溶下锌挥发窑渣浸出液中重金属在场地剖面土柱的迁移模拟实验,分析淋出液Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn浓度及其在土壤剖面的累积、赋存形态和粒径分布特征,并探讨重金属在土壤剖面滞留机制.结果表明,土柱淋出液重金属浓度在淋溶初期达到峰值后迅速降低,Cd浓度超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅳ类水质限值(0.1 mg·L^-1),地下水存在Cd污染风险.剖面土壤对废渣中重金属固持量大,Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn主要累积在浅层土壤(0～10 cm),分别为淋溶前土壤的237～429、 1.25～16.2、 1.38～2.31和1.79～3.17倍;持续淋溶下废渣重金属较间歇淋溶的迁移距离较长,Cd在土柱深层有明显累积.土壤粗颗粒(0.5～2.0 mm)对Cd、 Cu和Zn累积总量的贡献率较大,而Pb更易累积在<0.25 mm粒径.BCR顺序提取结果显示,浅层土壤累积的Cd、 Cu和Zn主要以弱酸提取态为主,占比分别高达62.4%～76.7%、 72.0%～95.8%和67.6%～8...     

矿用重型汽车作业现场碰撞事故模糊故障树分析

矿用重型汽车作业现场碰撞事故属于安全生产重大事故,本文根据现场的事故案例运用事故树分析方法,解析出69个导致碰撞事故发生的最小割集。借助于故障树结构重要度,找出对运输碰撞事故系统里底事件中的主要诱发因素,识别出系统关键节点的危险性,寻求预防同类碰撞事故发生的各种有效措施。由于构成割集的底事件本身就带就有一定的模糊性,所以运用模糊数学方法克服了传统的故障树分析方法中确定底事件发生概率的困难,为解决故障树种的模糊性问题提供了一种研究思路,在管理资源有限的条件下,为矿用重型汽车运行安全评价和安全管理提供可靠的保障。     

Characterizing wetland change at landscape scale in Jiangsu Province, China

Human activities produced great impacts on wetlands worldwide. Taking Jiangsu Province, China, as a representative wetland region subject to extensive human activities, the aim of this study is to understand the conversion trajectory and spatial differentiation in wetland change from a multi-scale perspective. Based on multi-temporal Landsat images, it was found that the natural wetlands decreased by 11.2% from 1990 to 2006 in Jiangsu Province. Transition matrices showed that the conversion of natural wetlands to human-made wetlands (mostly aquaculture ponds) was the major form of natural wetland reduction, accounting for over 60% of the reduction. Percentage reduction and area reduc tion of natural wetlands were respectively quantified within different wetland cover zones using a moving window analysis. Average percentage reduction showed a decreasing tendency with increasing wetland cover. The high-cover and mid-cover zone presented the largest area reduction at the scales of 1-2 km and 4-8 km, respectively. Local hotspots of natural wetland reduction were mapped using the equal-interval and quantile classification schemes. The hotspots were mostly concentrated in the Lixiahe marshes and the coastal wetland areas. For the area reduction hotspots, the quantile classification presented larger area and more patches than the equal-interval classification; while an opposite result was shown for the percentage reduction hotspots. With respect to the discontinuous distribution of the natural wetlands, area reduction could be more appropriate to represent reduction hotspots than percentage reduction in the study area. These findings could have useful implications to wetland conservation.     

Person–organization and person–supervisor fits: Employee commitments in a Chinese context

The present study simultaneously examined people's perceptions of person–organization (PO) and person–supervisor (PS) fit and related these perceptions to employees' commitments. Three‐hundred‐and‐sixty employee–supervisor dyads from Taiwanese organizations reported about their PO fit and PS fit perceptions. In addition, supervisors reported about their perceptions of fit and guanxi with each of their employees. Results indicated that PO and PS fit perceptions both had an independent and additive relationship with organizational commitment. The link between employee PS fit perceptions and organizational commitment was mediated by commitment to the supervisor. Both employee and supervisor fit perceptions contributed to commitment to the supervisor through their influence on the quality of the leader‐member exchange (LMX). Guanxi could not explain additional variance in LMX and supervisor commitment. Implications for theory and practices regarding person–environment fit, commitment, and LMX are discussed. The study findings offered suggestions for a new Theory of Multiple Fits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of plankton Hg bioaccumulations based on a global data set and the implications for aquatic systems with aggravating nutrient imbalance

• Hg bioaccumulation by phytoplankton varies among aquatic ecosystems. • Active Hg uptake may exist for the phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems. • Impacts of nutrient imbalance on food chain Hg transfer should be addressed. The bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in aquatic ecosystem poses a potential health risk to human being and aquatic organism. Bioaccumulations by plankton represent a crucial process of Hg transfer from water to aquatic food chain. However, the current understanding of major factors affecting Hg accumulation by plankton is inadequate. In this study, a data set of 89 aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including inland water, nearshore water and open sea, was established. Key factors influencing plankton Hg bioaccumulation (i.e., plankton species, cell sizes and biomasses) were discussed. The results indicated that total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in plankton in inland waters were significantly higher than those in nearshore waters and open seas. Bioaccumulation factors for the logarithm of THg and MeHg of phytoplankton were 2.4–6.0 and 2.6–6.7 L/kg, respectively, in all aquatic ecosystems. They could be further biomagnified by a factor of 2.1–15.1 and 5.3–28.2 from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Higher MeHg concentrations were observed with the increases of cell size for both phyto- and zooplankton. A contrasting trend was observed between the plankton biomasses and BAF_MeHg, with a positive relationship for zooplankton and a negative relationship for phytoplankton. Plankton physiologic traits impose constraints on the rates of nutrients and contaminants obtaining process from water. Nowadays, many aquatic ecosystems are facing rapid shifts in nutrient compositions. We suggested that these potential influences on the growth and composition of plankton should be incorporated in future aquatic Hg modeling and ecological risk assessments.     

砂土基MICP土工材料剪切强度试验及可靠性分析

选用巴氏芽孢杆菌,以不同粒径砂土为岩土基质,应用微生物诱导矿化技术生成MICP土工材料试样,自然养护7 d后,应用直剪仪进行了抗剪强度测试试验。结果表明,MICP细砂土内摩擦角范围最大,MICP粗粒砂土内摩擦角范围最小,这与微生物诱导生成的矿化物填充空隙的过程中形成胶结作用有重要的关系,粗粒砂土空隙大,MICP材料强度的增长主要依靠诱导生成的碳酸钙咬合力;中粗砂粒土表面粗糙度的提高有效增强了矿化土工材料的强度;细砂土主要是填充空隙,材料更加密实,导致抗剪强度最大。再运用多项式混沌扩展(PCE)方法建立代理模型,求得其前四阶统计矩,对内摩擦角输出响应的不确定性进行了量化。     

Combustion and inorganic bromine emission of waste printed circuit boards in a high temperature furnace

High temperature combustion experiments of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were conducted using a lab-scale system featuring a continuously-fed drop tube furnace. Combustion efficiency and the occurrence of inorganic bromine (HBr and Br₂) were systematically studied by monitoring the main combustion products continuously. The influence of furnace temperature (T) was studied from 800 to 1400 °C, the excess air factor (EAF) was varied from 1.2 to 1.9 and the residence time in the high temperature zone (RT_HT) was set at 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 s.Combustion efficiency depends on temperature, EAF and RT_HT; temperature has the most significant effect. Conversion of organic bromine from flame retardants into HBr and Br₂ depends on temperature and EAF. Temperature has crucial influence over the ratio of HBr to Br₂, whereas oxygen partial pressure plays a minor role. The two forms of inorganic bromine seem substantially to reach thermodynamic equilibrium within 0.25 s. High temperature is required to improve the combustion performance: at 1200 °C or higher, an EAF of 1.3 or more, and a RT_HT exceeding 0.75 s, combustion is quite complete, the CO concentration in flue gas and remained carbon in ash are sufficiently low, and organobrominated compounds are successfully decomposed (more than 99.9%).According to these results, incineration of waste PCBs without preliminary separation and without additives would perform very well under certain conditions; the potential precursors for brominated dioxins formation could be destroyed efficiently. Increasing temperature could decrease the volume percentage ratio of Br₂/HBr in flue gas greatly.     

三江平原白浆土不同土地利用类型Fe2+分布特征

土壤铁元素由高价态转化为低价态(二价铁),是土壤中铁元素移动的主要途径.为了探讨三江平原不同土地利用类型Fe2 分布情况及影响因素,文章通过在三江平原典型白浆土区采取水田、旱田、草地、林地4种不同土地利用类型样点,对其Fe2 含量及其影响因子进行对比研究分析.结果表明:土壤表层(0~10 cm)Fe2 含量高低顺序为水田>草地>旱田>林地,主要影响因子为水分状况和pH值(r=0.851,r=0.909,p＜0.01),其中水田Fe2 含量(305.5 mg·kg-1)明显高于林地和旱田(30~40 mg·kg-1),是其含量的8~10倍;草地除表层(0~20 cm)Fe2 含量低于水田外,以下各层含量均高于其它土地利用类型;草地、旱田、林地Fe2 含量垂直分布规律相似:表层(0~10 cm)及白浆层(30~40 cm)含量略高,40 cm以下Fe2 含量持续缓慢递减,相关分析表明旱田、草地主要影响因子为土壤pH值(r=-0.871,r=0.795,p＜0.05),林地影响因子相关性均不显著;水田垂直变化趋势与其它3种类型相比有所不同,表层最高达305.5 mg·kg-1,至40 cm深处急剧递减至35.2 mg·kg-1,以下无明显变化,主要影响因子为水分状况和TOC(r=0.962,r=0.991,p＜0.01).     

结构滞回阻尼比计算方法的改进研究∗

目前计算结构滞回阻尼比常用的方法是能量比法,该方法在给定滞回模型的基础上采用滞回耗能与结构总弹性应变能的比值求得结构滞回阻尼比,但该方法是建立在简谐激励下结构稳态响应的基础之上,对于真实地震下结构滞回阻尼比计算并不完全适用。考虑到这一不足,本文提出一种新的迭代计算结构滞回阻尼比的方法,在Carlos提出的结构滞回阻尼比计算方法的基础上,考虑地震激励频率对阻尼比的影响,通过改进Carlos迭代计算方法,得到了考虑地震激励频率影响的滞回阻尼比计算公式,通过该公式分析得出了不同延性系数和周期比对滞回阻尼比的影响规律,结果表明不同延性系数的结构滞回阻尼比会随着周期比的增大先增大再减小。本研究可为结构进入非线性状态后减震结构总体阻尼比的计算提供理论依据。     

Association of exposure to multiple metals with papillary thyroid cancer risk in China

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has inflicted huge threats to the health of mankind. Metal pollution could be a potential risk factor of PTC occurrence, but existing relevant epidemiological researches are limited. The current case-control study was designed to evaluate the relationships between exposure to multiple metals and the risk of PTC. A total of 262 histologically confirmed PTC cases were recruited. Age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled at the same time. Urine samples were used as biomarkers to reflect the levels of environmental exposure to 13 metals. Conditional logistic regression models were adopted to assess the potential association. Single-metal and multi-metal models were separately conducted to evaluate the impacts of single and co-exposure to 13 metals. The increased concentration of urinary Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb quartiles was found significant correlated with PTC risk. We also found the decreased trends of urinary Se, Zn, and Mn quartiles with the ORs for PTC. These dose-response associations between Pb and PTC were observed in the single-metal model and remained significant in the multi-metal model (OR_25-50th=1.39, OR_50-75th=3.32, OR_>75th=7.62, p for trend <0.001). Our study suggested that PTC was positively associated with urinary levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and inversely associated with Se, Zn, and Mn. Targeted public health policies should be made to improve the environment and the recognition of potential risk factors. These findings need additional studies to confirm in other population.