Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea: the impact of subway tunnels on groundwater quality

Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data for subway tunnel seepage waters in Seoul (Republic of Korea) were examined to understand the effect of underground tunnels on the degradation of urban groundwater. A very large quantity of groundwater (up to 63 million m³ year^− 1) is discharged into subway tunnels with a total length of 287 km, resulting in a significant drop of the local groundwater table and the abandonment of groundwater wells. For the tunnel seepage water samples (n = 72) collected from 43 subway stations, at least one parameter among pathogenic microbes (total coliform, heterotrophic bacteria), dissolved Mn and Fe, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, turbidity, and color exceeded the Korean Drinking Water Standards. Locally, tunnel seepage water was enriched in dissolved Mn (avg. 0.70 mg L^− 1, max. 5.58 mg L^− 1), in addition to dissolved Fe, NH₄⁺, and pathogenic microbes, likely due to significant inflow of sewage water from broken or leaking sewer pipes.Geochemical modeling of redox reactions was conducted to simulate the characteristic hydrochemistry of subway tunnel seepage. The results show that variations in the reducing conditions occur in urban groundwater, dependent upon the amount of organic matter-rich municipal sewage contaminating the aquifer. The organic matter facilitates the reduction and dissolution of Mn- and Fe-bearing solids in aquifers and/or tunnel construction materials, resulting in the successive increase of dissolved Mn and Fe. The present study clearly demonstrates that locally significant deterioration of urban groundwater is caused by a series of interlinked hydrogeologic and hydrochemical changes induced by underground tunnels.     

基于物联网的杭州市危险废物智能监管平台设计与应用

为满足危险废物监管各种业务管理工作的需求,开展物联网技术在危险废物产生、转移、处置等过程中应用的研究,设计基于物联网技术的危险废物智能监管平台,建成由管理部门门户、产废单位门户、运输单位门户、处置单位门户等四大门户统领,危废监督管理系统、电子联单系统、GIS监控管理系统、污泥刷卡转运管理系统、危废视频监控系统、固废超市管理系统等六大系统组建的统一管理平台,在传统管理模式的基础上,以业务需求结合先进的物联网、移动互联、二维码、NFC、GPS等技术,创新性地形成"移动端电子联单模式、GPRS监管预警模式、IC卡刷卡转运模式、固废超市微循环管理模式"四大管理模式,实现涉危单位内部微循环管理,转运过程多手段监控,让危险废物从最初产生到最终处置的全过程业务流程呈现精细化、实时化的全闭环管理,实现对危险废物从"摇篮"到"坟墓"的全过程跟踪,并以此为基础建立一支业务处理迅速、信息统计分析及时、办事高效、危废监管全面的信息化管理队伍,为环保部门真实、细致、及时、动态地掌握危险废物的转移情况提供技术手段,为领导决策提供辅助支持。     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

堆肥过程多阶段强化接种对细菌群落多样性的影响

以生活垃圾为原料进行好氧堆肥,采用多阶段的方式强化接种功能微生物菌剂,利用PCR-DGGE方法并结合聚类分析和Shannon-Weaver指数变化来研究堆肥过程中多阶段强化接种对细菌群落多样性的影响,同时监测木质纤维素降解率的变化.结果表明,多阶段接种堆肥能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和普通接种堆肥相比可使半...     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

铝代水铁矿协同吸附砷镉的机制

通过室内试验,研究了铝代水铁矿对As(Ⅴ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的协同作用过程及机制.结果表明,溶液体系p H值和重金属加入顺序明显影响铝代水铁矿对砷和镉的协同吸附与共沉淀.在近中性砷镉共存体系下吸附72h(p H为6. 0～6. 5),含20%铝的铝代水铁矿(AF20)对砷和镉的吸附容量达到了60. 9 mg·g~(-1)和17. 1 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为96. 0%和73. 0%,砷和镉协同吸附到AF20颗粒内部孔隙,AF20对砷和镉的协同吸附效应明显;在砷溶液中加入镉体系下吸附72 h(p H为6. 1～6. 5),AF20对砷和镉的吸附容量分别为58. 1 mg·g~(-1)和12. 4 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为96. 0%和48. 3%,砷的吸附限制了镉的固定;在镉溶液中加入砷体系下吸附72 h(p H为9. 5～9. 8),AF20对砷和镉固定量分别为20. 9 mg·g~(-1)和24. 4 mg·g~(-1),去除率分别为38. 8%和98. 9%,AF20对砷和镉的共沉淀效应明显,生成的砷镉难溶物通过堵塞孔道使镉呈稀疏条带状分布,同时阻碍砷的进一步吸附.上述结果表明,铝代水铁矿可协同吸附、共沉淀污染环境介质中的砷和镉.     

金在热液中的地球化学性质实验研究

通过近百次实验研究表明，金在水热条件下的地球化学行为具有以下几个特点：金在氧化条件下溶解，还原条件下沉淀；金在高温下溶解，低温下沉淀；金在碱性或酸性溶液中溶解，在中性溶液中沉淀；金在低压下溶解，在高压下沉淀；随着fs八的增加，金的溶解度随之增加；金可以[An（HS）4]、[Au（HS）2]-、[Au（Cl4）]、[Au（Cl2）]-等络合物形式存在于热液中；在热液中金普遍以An3＋的络合物形式存在，Aul＋的络合物形式次之，随着温度的升高，热液中Au1＋的含量明显增加。     

UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器处理污泥脱水液的影响因素研究

研究基质质量浓度、温度、pH值、HRT和C/N比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响.试验水样采用污泥脱水液,控制进水ρ(NH+4-N)/ρ(NO-2-N)为1∶1.32,分别考察了在不同基质质量浓度、HRT、温度、pH值和C/N比的情况下,UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.结果表明,在进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L-1和264 mg·L-1、HRT=24 h、温度为30～35℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、C/N比在0.5左右的条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效果最佳,NH+4-N、NO-2-N和TN平均去除率分别达到75.72%、76.36%和70.19%,TN平均容积负荷可达0.464 kg·(m3·d)-1,COD平均去除率在30%左右.通过合理控制进水基质质量浓度和HRT能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.只有在适宜的温度和pH值范围内,厌氧氨氧化菌才能表现出较高的活性.当进水添加有机物时,厌氧氨氧化反应器中存在反硝化现象,且随着有机物质量浓度的升高,异养反硝化菌的竞争优势逐渐增强,对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用.     

沸石的载铁改性及饮用水除氟试验研究

为避免使用含铝材料,采用新方法制得载铁改性斜发沸石,并通过一系列静态及动态试验对其除氟性能及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:经过改性活化的斜发沸石滤料的除氟容量(DC)得到显著提高,静态达0.665 mg/g,动态达0.2 mg/g,分别约为原沸石除氟容量(0.03 mg/g)的20和7倍.载铁改性斜发沸石对F的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,其最适pH为6～7,氟吸附速率快,再生稳定;同时其也能高效去除饮用水中的锰离子,除锰容量(MRC)达2.442 mg/g.对高氟地下水的处理效果证明,该滤料不仅降氟达到国家饮用水标准,而且具有再生简易、使用寿命长等特点.     

高压液相色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中的阿特拉津

通过条件实验,建立了水体中阿特拉津的高效液相色谱检测法,以ODS C18柱为色谱柱,甲醇:水=60:40为流动相,检测波长225nm,柱温40℃,用二氯甲烷萃取,外标法定量,线性范围为0.02～10.0mg/L,相关系数达0.9999,采样体积为500 ml时,方法检出限为0.012μg/L,精密度在2.5%～11.4...