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91.
Yu-Chang Chang Hsueh-Shih Chiang Mani Karthik Shou-Nan Li Jung-Nan Hsu 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):838-845
The mesostructured materials MCM-41 and SBA-15 were studied as possible supports of bromocresol green (BG) dye impregnation for the ammonia gas detection because of their large surface area, high regenerative property, and high thermal stability. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and N2 adsorption analysis were used to characterize the prepared materials. These materials could sense ammonia via visible color change from yellowish-orange to blue color. The color change process of the nanostructured materials was fully reversible during 10 cyclic tests. The results indicated that the ammonia absorption responses of the two nanostructured materials were both very sensitive, and high linear correlation and high precision were achieved. As the gaseous ammonia concentrations were 50 and 5 ppmv, the response times for the SBA-15/BG were only 1 and 5 min, respectively. Moreover, the BG dye-impregnated SBA-15 was less affected by the variation in the relative humidity. It also had faster response for the detection of NH3, as well as lower manufacturing price as compared to that of the dye-impregnated MCM-41. Such feature enables SBA-15/BG to be a very promising material for the detection of ammonia gas.
Implications: The detector tube is a convenient ambient ammonia detection device. However, almost all the commercial detector tubes can be used once only, which not only increases the purchase cost but also produces lots of waste. In this study, we developed two sensing materials that are sensitive for repeated usage. The two mesoporous silica-based materials, MCM-41 and SBA-15, are impregnated by an organic dye of bromocresol green to induce color change behavior that can be easily observed by the naked eye, and it is concluded that dye-impregnated SBA-15/BG is a very promising material for the detection of ammonia gas. 相似文献
92.
Chih-Chung Chang Chang-Feng OuYang Chieh-Heng Wang Sen-Wei Chiang Jia-Lin Wang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(10):1301-1307
Continuous monitoring of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) by automated gas chromatographs equipped with flame ionization detection (termed in-situ GC/FID) with hourly data resolution was instated in ozone non-attainment areas throughout Taiwan. Performance of these on-site in-situ GCs was validated by manual flask sampling, as well as by in-lab gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. More than 50 VOCs from C2 to C11 were analyzed by both methods. Ninety flask samples were collected in series near an in-situ GC monitoring station in order to closely compare with the in-situ measurements. Both time-series and scatter plots from the two methods are displayed and discussed. It was found that over-simplified, un-humidified single-point calibration leading to surface loss was responsible for the bias in the in-situ method, resulting in greater error in accuracy as VOC volatility decreased. Although this over-estimate of the concentrations was found across all target VOCs, both methods were able to consistently capture the variability of ambient VOCs, with R2 values greater than 0.9 for most of the major VOCs. 相似文献
93.
Hsiu-Mei Chiang Hua-Hsien Chiu Yen-Ming Lai Ching-Yen Chen Hung-Lung Chiang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(18):2240-2247
Carbonyls emitted from essential oils can affect the air quality when they are used in indoors, especially under poor ventilation conditions. Lavender, lemon, rose, rosemary, and tea tree oils were selected as typical and popular essential oils to investigate in terms of composition, thermal characteristics and fifteen carbonyl constituents. Based on thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, the activation energy was 7.6–8.3 kcal mol?1, the reaction order was in the range of 0.6–0.7 and the frequency factor was 360–2838 min?1. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde were the dominant carbonyl compounds, and their concentrations were 0.034–0.170 ppm. The emission factors of carbonyl compounds were 2.10–3.70 mg g?1, and acetone, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde accounted for a high portion of the emission factor of carbonyl compounds in essential oil exhaust. Some unhealthy carbonyl species such as formaldehyde and valeraldehyde, were measured at low-temperature during the vaporization of essential oils, indicating a potential effect on indoor air quality and human health. 相似文献
94.
Hung-Lung Chiang Jwo-Chin Lo Jiun-Horng Tsai Gen-Muh Chang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):272-277
ABSTRACT This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge from wastewater treatment plants in the petrochemical industry and focused on the pyrolysis kinetics, elemental composition of residue, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of exhaust gas. As pyrolysis temperature increased to 773 K, the increasing rate of crude oil production tended to a stable condition. The result indicated that the optimal temperature of crude oil and water mixed production was 773 K. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 673 to 973 K, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen concentrations of residue decreased and the sulfur concentration of residue increased. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and styrene increased by the increasing pyrolysis temperature. We found that the reaction order of sludge pyrolysis was 2.5 and the activation energy of the reaction was 11.06 kJ/mol. We believe that our pyrolysis system is transitional between devolatilization and combustion. 相似文献
95.
Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS 下载免费PDF全文
Paul M. Dombrowski Prasad Kakarla William Caldicott Yan Chin Venus Sadeghi Dorin Bogdan Francisco Barajas‐Rodriguez Sheau‐Yun Chiang 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2018,28(2):135-150
Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of stable compounds widely used in diverse applications. These emerging contaminants have unique properties due to carbon–fluorine (C–F) bonds, which are some of the strongest bonds in chemistry. High energy is required to break C–F bonds, which results in this class of compounds being recalcitrant to many degradation processes. Many technologies studied that have shown treatment effectiveness for PFAS cannot be implemented in situ. Chemical oxidation is a demonstrated remediation technology for in situ treatment of a wide range of organic environmental contaminants. An overview of relevant literature is presented, summarizing the use of single or combined reagent chemical oxidation processes that offer insight into oxidation–reduction chemistries potentially capable of PFAS degradation. Based on the observations and results of these studies, bench‐scale treatability tests were designed and performed to establish optimal conditions for the formation of specific free radical species, including superoxide and sulfate radicals, via various combinations of oxidants, catalysts, pH buffers, and heat to assess PFAS treatment by chemical oxidants. The study also suggests the possible abiotic transformations of some PFAS when chemical oxidation is or was used for treatment of primary organic contaminants (e.g., petroleum or chlorinated organic compounds) at a site. The bench‐scale tests utilized field‐collected samples from a firefighter training area. Much of the available data related to chemical oxidation of PFAS has only been reported for one or both of the two more commonly discussed PFAS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and/or perfluorooctanoic acid). In contrast, this treatability study evaluates oxidation of a diverse list of PFAS analytes. The results of this study and published literature conclude that heat‐activated persulfate is the oxidation method with the best degradation of PFAS. Limited reduction of reported PFAS concentrations in this study was observed in many oxidation reactors; however, unknown mass of PFAS (such as precursors of perfluoroalkyl acids) that cannot be identified in a field collected sample complicated quantification of how much oxidative destruction of PFAS actually occurred. 相似文献
96.
97.
Kai-Ying Chiang Tsan-Yao Chen Chih-Hao Lee Tsang-Lang Lin Ming-Kuang Wang Ling-Yun Jang Jyh-Fu Lee 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,25(3):626-636
This study investigates biogeochemical reductive release of arsenate from beudantite into solution in a crater area in northern Taiwan,using a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and atomic absorption spectrometry.Total arsenic (As) concentrations in the soil were more than 200 mg/kg.Over four months of laboratory experiments,less than 0.8% As was released into solution after reduction experiments.The 71% to 83% As was chemically reduced into arsenite (As(III)) and partially weathering into the soluble phase.The kinetic dissolution and re-precipitation of As,Fe,Pb and sulfate in this area of paddy soils merits further study. 相似文献
98.
The dechlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in municipal sewage sludge with a chlorophenol (CP)-adapted consortium was investigated. Results show that dechlorination rates differed according to the source of the sludge samples used in the batch experiments. No significant differences in 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination were observed following treatment with inoculum at densities ranging from 10% to 50% (V/V), but a significant delay was noted at 5% (V/V) density. Overall, results show that the higher the 2,4,6-TCP concentration, the slower the dechlorination rate. The addition of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, vitamin B12 or manganese dioxide did not results in a significant change in 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination. Data collected from a bioreactor experiment revealed that pH 7.0 and a total solid concentration of 10 g/L were optimal for dechlorination. Dechlorination rates decreased significantly at higher agitation speeds. 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination was enhanced under methanogenic conditions, but it was inhibited under denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions. 相似文献
99.
The objective of this research work was to evaluate the performance of enhanced coagulation by alum and polymer. Synthetic source waters containing high molecular weight humic acids, medium molecular weight tannic acids and low molecular weight p-hydroxybenzoic acid were formulated by adjusting the concentration of turbidity and pH; and jar tests were used to study the effect of various types and dosages of polymer on reducing the above model compounds. At a specific pH condition, the applied alum dosage would efficiently decrease the turbidity to 2 NTU follows the order: humic>tannic>p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Adjustment of pH influenced the performance of alum obviously but not of p-DADMAC. High p-DADMAC dosage overwhelming the effects of alum is less affected by pH adjustment. The results of this investigation reveal that enhanced coagulation with p-DADMAC was founded to be very effective for removing high-molecular-weight THM precursors, i.e., humic acid and tannic acid, and markedly reduced the alum dosages required for turbidity removal. The other two polymers, i.e., cationic PAM and non-ionic PAM, which had higher molecular weight but lower charge density than p-DADMAC, were not capable of removing organic precursors. It was thus concluded that enhanced coagulation with polymer, p-DADMAC, could be considered as a promising technique for removal of NOMs with hydrophobic and higher-molar-mass (>1K) in water treatment plants. 相似文献
100.
Chiang BC Wey MY Liu KY 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(2):181-193
This study focuses on the control of particulates with a fluidized-bed filter in exhaust gas stream. The fluidized-bed filter classified in the granular bed filtration technology was employed to demonstrate the performance for removal of fly ash at indicated operating velocities, fixed bed heights, and bed temperatures; then the collecting mechanisms of particulates by fluidized-bed filter were studied. The size distribution of fly ash passing through the fluidized-bed filter was also analyzed. The results indicate that at higher operating velocities and fixed bed heights, the removal of fly ash is more efficient and inertial impaction is the main mechanism when the fluidized-bed is operated at room temperature (25 degrees C). While operating at higher temperatures (200 degrees C), efficiency of 93.2% to 99.4% can be achieved for submicron particles. It is supposed to be the diffusion mechanism that is responsible for collecting such small particles, and high temperature is a favorable condition because of diffusion. 相似文献