雷州半岛海涂资源的开发利用及其对策

雷州半岛是我国第三大半岛,海涂资源丰富,面积９９２万ｈａ,合理开发利用海涂资源是发展经济的重要途径。近年来海涂资源的开发利用取得了良好的经济效益,但存在许多问题,如缺乏统一管理、统一规划,开发项目不协调,利用率和利用水平较低,生态环境被破坏,海涂资源浪费严重等。本文提出的主要对策是完善管理体制,因地制宜,合理规划,突出重点项目,综合发展,增加资金和科技投入,提高利用水平,保护生态环境,协调发展     

Parathion degradation and its intermediate formation by Fenton process in neutral environment

The purpose of this study is to investigate parathion degradation by Fenton process in neutral environment. The initial parathion concentration for all the degradation experiments was 20 ppm. For hydrogen ion effect on Fenton degradation, the pH varied from 2 to 8 at the [H₂O₂] to [Fe²⁺] ratio of 2-2 mM, and the result showed pH 3 as the most effective environment for parathion degradation by Fenton process. Apparent degradation was also observed at pH 7. The subsequent analysis for parathion degradation was conducted at pH 7 because most environmental parathion exists in the neutral environment. Comparing the parathion degradation results at various Fenton dosages revealed that at Fe²⁺ concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM, the Fenton reagent ratio ([H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺]) for best-removing performance were found as 4, 3, and 2, resulting in the removal efficiencies of 19%, 48% and 36%, respectively. Further increase in Fe²⁺ concentration did not cause any increase of the optimum Fenton reagent ratio for the best parathion removal. The result from LC-MS also indicated that hydroxyl radicals might attack the PS double bond, the single bonds connecting nitro-group, nitrophenol, or the single bond within ethyl groups of parathion molecules forming paraoxons, nitrophenols, nitrate/nitrite, thiophosphates, and other smaller molecules. Lastly, the parathion degradation by Fenton process at the presence of humic acids was investigated, and the results showed that the presence of 10 mg L⁻¹ of humic acids in the aqueous solution enhanced the parathion removal by Fenton process twice as much as that without the presence of humic acids.     

Degradation of rhodamine B by Fe(0)-based Fenton process with H2O2

Degradation of rhodamine B by Fe(0)-based Fenton process with H₂O₂ was investigated. The effects of H₂O₂ dose, Fe(0) dose, initial concentration of rhodamine B and initial pH value on the degradation of rhodamine B were examined. The results showed that the degradation and mineralization of rhodamine B occurred with low dose of H₂O₂ and Fe(0). The intermediates of rhodamine B were analyzed with UV-Vis spectrophotometry and ion chromatography and the mechanism of oxidative degradation of rhodamine B was also discussed. The reactive oxygen species (·OH) produced in Fe(0)-based Fenton process with H₂O₂ is the key to the degradation of rhodamine B by ways of N-de-ethylation, chromophore cleavage, ring-opening and mineralization.     

双层多孔隙沥青路面吸音降噪有限元分析

针对单层多孔隙沥青路面容易阻塞的问题,提出双层多孔隙沥青路面结构形式,采用有限元的方法,应用空气介质和吸声结构的声一固耦合模型,通过大型商用软件ABAQUS对多孔隙沥青路面吸声结构的吸声性能进行数值仿真模拟,分析了双层多孔隙沥青路面中空隙率组合以及厚度组合下的降噪特性,据此提出适宜的双层多孔隙沥青路面结构参数,计算结果表明双层多孔隙沥青路面结构,当上层空隙率为10％,下层空隙率为25％,上层厚度为2cm,下层厚度为4cm时,吸声效果较好。结论可为双层多孔隙沥青路面的应用提供理论基础。     

Behavior and analysis of Cesium adsorption on montmorillonite mineral

The adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite and the effects of experimental conditions on adsorption were investigated by using ¹³⁴Cs as a radioactive tracer. Additionally, the Cs-adsorbed and the modified montmorillonite were analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer System (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite was efficient in the initial concentration (C₀) of 30 μg/L Cs nitrate solution with 20 g/L montmorillonite at room temperature. In this condition, more than 98% Cs⁺ ions could be adsorbed at pH 8. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min and the relationship between the concentration of Cs⁺ in aqueous solutions and adsorption capacities of Cs⁺ can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate would decrease when temperature increase from 0 °C to 50 °C or in presence of coexistent K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, while modification by (NH₄)₂SO₄, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ or 450 °C could improve the adsorption abilities of montmorillonite for Cs⁺. However, more than 89% of adsorbed Cs⁺ on montmorillonite could be desorbed by 2 mol/L HNO₃ solutions. The XRD and SEM analysis further showed that the structure of the Cs-adsorbed or modified montmorillonite were different from that of the original one.     

Characterization of Pu concentration and its isotopic composition in soils of Gansu in northwestern China

The total ^239+240Pu activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in surface soil samples (0–5 cm) in the Kumtag Desert in western Gansu Province, and in a soil core sample in Lanzhou were investigated using a sector-field ICP-MS. In the surface soil samples, ^239+240Pu activities in fine particles (<150 μm) were 1.3–2.1 times of those in coarse particles (150 μm–1 mm) which ranged from 0.005 to 0.157 mBq/g. Atom ratios of ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu in the surface soils ranged from 0.168 to 0.192 with a mean of 0.182 ± 0.008. The mean ratio was similar to the typical global fallout value although the Kumtag Desert was believed to have received close-in fallout derived from Chinese nuclear weapons tests mainly conducted in the 1970s. Furthermore, the mean ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio observed in the soil core sample in Lanzhou was similar to the typical global fallout value. In the soil core sample, ^239+240Pu activities in the various layers ranged from 0.012 to 0.23 mBq/g, and the inventory of ^239+240Pu (32.4 Bq/m², 0–23 cm) was slightly lower than that expected from global fallout (42 Bq/m²) at the same latitude. Rapid downward migration of Pu isotopes was observed in Lanzhou soil core sample layers. The contribution of the 10-cm deep top layers of surface soils to total inventory was only 17%, while the contribution of deeper layers (10–23 cm) was as high as 83%. The ^239+240Pu activity levels and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in soils in Gansu Province, China are similar to those in atmospheric deposition samples collected in the spring in recent years in Japan.     

皮革废水混凝处理实验研究

采用混凝剂对皮革废水进行混凝处理。对3种无机混凝剂和一种有机混凝剂进行了筛选,研究了pH值和投药量对废水中SS、COD、铬和色度等污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,当pH值在酸性和中性时,效果不明显;当pH值为碱性时,效果显著。硫酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁+PAM和聚合氯化铝(PAC)+PAM 3种混凝剂组合具有良好的混凝效果,在合适的pH值和投药量下,SS和COD的去除率分别达到80%和30%以上,铬和色度的去除率分别达到95%和50%以上。且硫酸亚铁混凝效果好,成本低,适合小型皮革企业需求。     

微波辅助工艺处理天然气净化废水的应用研究

进行了微波辅助工艺处理天然气净化废水的应用研究,考察了废水色度、COD、SS、含油量和细菌的去除效果以及对废水腐蚀率的降低作用,并进行了同等条件下的常温对照实验。研究结果表明:微波絮凝工艺中絮凝剂PAC和PAM的用量较常温下减少了100 mg/L和5 mg/L,絮凝沉降时间仅为常温絮凝的1/4,最佳微波辐照时间下废水的COD去除率比常温条件下提高4.6%。微波工艺处理后,难降解天然气净化废水的含油量去除率达到了94%、废水中硫酸盐还原菌死亡率达97%以上,废水腐蚀率降为原来的1/7,废水可生化性得到了很大提高,可直接进行好氧生化处理。实验表明,微波辅助工艺对难降解天然气净化废水具有很好的处理应用效果。