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921.
A male gift to its partner? Cyanogenic glycosides in the spermatophore of longwing butterflies (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Heliconius</Emphasis>) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Males of several insect species transfer nuptial gifts to females during mating, typically in the form of a protein-rich spermatophore.
In chemically defended species, males could potentially enhance such a gift with chemicals that help protect the female, her
eggs, or both. This was shown for lepidopteran species that accumulate pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Most Heliconius butterflies are presumably protected from predators by virtue of de novo synthesized and/or sequestered cyanogenic glycosides.
Males of Heliconius species are known to transfer nutritional gifts to the females but whether defensive chemicals could also be transferred
is not known. To ascertain whether transfer of cyanogens occurs, we dissected freshly mated females from nine different Heliconius species and analyzed spermatophores for cyanogenic glycosides. We found cyanogens in the spermatophores of all nine species.
This is the first time cyanogenic glycosides are reported in the spermatophores of arthropods. We discuss the implications
of these findings for Heliconius biology and for other cyanogenic insects as well. We suggest that chemically defended species commonly lace their nuptial
gifts with defensive chemicals to improve gift quality. 相似文献
922.
Space programmes are shifting towards planetary exploration and, in particular, towards missions by human beings to the Moon
and to Mars. Radiation is considered to be one of the major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical
issue to be resolved for long-term missions both orbital and interplanetary. The two cosmic sources of radiation that could
impact a mission outside the Earth’s magnetic field are solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Exposure
to the types of ionizing radiation encountered during space travel may cause a number of health-related problems, but the
primary concern is related to the increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. Predictions of cancer risk and acceptable
radiation exposure in space are extrapolated from minimal data and are subject to many uncertainties. The paper describes
present-day estimates of equivalent doses from GCR and solar cosmic radiation behind various shields and radiation risks for
astronauts on a mission to Mars. 相似文献
923.
INTRODUCTION: Although the LATCH System (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) holds the promise of simplifying the installation of a child restraint system (CRS) to the vehicle's seat, many drivers transporting young children have difficulties using this technology. This paper reports on an observation study of LATCH use and misuse. METHOD: Observations of approximately 1,000 children less than 5 years of age in CRSs, in the back seats of vehicles that were equipped with tether and lower anchors, in seven states. RESULTS: Tethers were used for 51% of the children when the forward-facing CRS had tether straps and the vehicle had tether anchors. Lower anchors were used for 58% of the children when the CRS had lower attachments and the vehicle had lower anchors. The most common tether and lower attachment misuses were loose tether straps (18% of cases) and loose lower attachment installation (30% of the cases), respectively. Vehicle safety belts were used in combination with lower attachments in 20% of all lower anchor installations. CONCLUSION: As more caregivers of young children drive vehicles equipped with LATCH, it will be important to promote the proper installation of CRSs using this technology. LATCH education messages must also emphasize that the lower anchors may not always be the safest choice for CRS attachment -- the safest attachment is the one that results in a tight fit and will be used correctly consistently. 相似文献
924.
INTRODUCTION: Nearly all direct observation studies of safety belt use are conducted exclusively during daylight hours. Recent work has suggested that safety belt use at night may differ from daytime belt use. METHODS: An observational study of nighttime safety belt use, utilizing specialized night vision equipment, was conducted in Indiana surrounding the Click It or Ticket 2006 safety belt mobilization activities. A pre- and a post-mobilization statewide direct observation survey was conducted at night coinciding with daytime safety belt use data collection conducted by the state of Indiana. Daytime and nighttime belt use rates were compared. RESULTS: The comparisons across the mobilization period revealed a significant increase during the day, but a significant decrease at night. Comparisons between daytime and nighttime belt use revealed no overall difference during the pre wave, but a significant difference during the post wave. Finally, many common daytime trends in belt use were also found at night, with the exception of the typical age and seating position effects. DISCUSSION: The mobilization activities had a positive effect on daytime belt use, but no effect on nighttime belt use, likely resulting in the differences between daytime and nighttime belt use observed during the post wave. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The findings of this study suggest that safety belt mobilizations implemented only during the day do not influence nighttime safety belt use. Changes to how these programs are implemented or additional programs specifically targeting belt use at night should be considered, along with continued monitoring of nighttime belt use. 相似文献
925.
A juvenile lizard specimen with well-preserved skin impressions from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lizards are now relatively well known from the Yixian Formation of northeastern China. In this study, we describe a juvenile
lizard from a fossil horizon at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia. These beds predate the Yixian Formation, and are probably Late Jurassic
or earliest Cretaceous in age. The new specimen thus documents the first lizard material from the Daohugou locality and is
the earliest lizard skeleton from China. Comparisons with developmental stages of modern lizards suggest the Daohugou lizard
is a hatchling. Although tiny, the specimen is notable in preserving exquisite skin impressions showing the variation in scalation
across the body, the shape and position of the cloacal outlet, and details of the manus and pes. These are the earliest recorded
lepidosaurian skin traces. In its general proportions and the possession of paired frontals, the small Daohugou lizard resembles
both the Yixian taxon Yabeinosaurus tenuis and the questionable Jeholacerta formosa, but it differs from the latter in scalation and, based on other characters, may be distinct from both. 相似文献
926.
Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D2O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear
activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report,
we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode
when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by
a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments
were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D2O system.
相似文献
Pamela A. Mosier-BossEmail: |
927.
Numerous studies have focussed on the relationship between female choice and the multiple exaggerated sexual traits of males.
However, little is known about the ability of males to actively enhance specific components of their display in response to
the loss of one component. We investigated the capacity of male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) to respond to the loss of one of their sexual signals by performing an experiment in which we removed decorations at their
bowers. We found that males compensated for decoration loss by increasing bower construction behaviour and decreasing their
latency to bower painting. These results are novel because they suggest that males can assess the quality of their own display
and make decisions about how to augment their displays. We discuss these results in the context of previous studies of mate
choice in satin bowerbirds, as both of the supplementary behaviours we observed are known correlates of male mating success. 相似文献
928.
U. Martin Persson Christian Azar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1277-1304
The possibility of adopting national targets for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from tropical deforestation in a future international climate treaty has received increasing attention recently.
This attention has been prompted by proposals to this end and more intensified talks on possible commitments for developing
countries beyond the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol. We analyze four main scientific
and political challenges associated with national targets for emissions from tropical deforestation: (1) reducing the uncertainties
in emission inventories, (2) preserving the environmental integrity of the treaty, (3) promoting political acceptance and
participation in the regime, and (4) providing economic incentives for reduced deforestation. We draw the following conclusions.
(1) Although there are large uncertainties in carbon flux from deforestation, these are in the same range as for other emissions
included in the current Kyoto protocol (i.e., non-CO2 GHGs), and they can be reduced. However, for forest degradation processes the uncertainties are larger. A large challenge
lies in building competence and institutions for monitoring the full spectrum of land use changes in developing countries.
(2 and 3) Setting targets for deforestation is difficult, and uncertainties in future emissions imply a risk of creating ‘tropical
hot air’. However, there are proposals that may sufficiently deal with this, and these proposals may also have the advantage
of making the targets more attractive, politically speaking. Moreover, we conclude that while a full carbon accounting system
will likely be politically unacceptable for tropical countries, the current carbon accounting system should be broadened to
include forest degradation in order to safeguard environmental integrity. (4) Doubts can be cast over the possible effect
a climate regime alone will have on deforestation rates, though little thorough analysis of this issue has been made.
相似文献
U. Martin PerssonEmail: |
929.
Sperm competition is thought to be an important selective pressure shaping sperm form and function. However, few studies have
moved beyond gross examinations of sperm morphology. Sperm length is subject to sexual selection via sperm competition in
the scarab beetle Onthophagus taurus. Here, the structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in this species were investigated using light and electron microscopy.
Spermatozoa were found to be filiform, measuring about 1,200 mm in length. The sperm head consists of a three-layered acrosome
and a nuclear region bearing the anterior extension of the centriole adjunct. Acrosome and nuclear regions are bilaterally
symmetric, with their axes of symmetry being orthogonal to each other. Head and flagellar structures are connected by a well-developed
centriole adjunct. The sperm heads are asymmetrically surrounded by accessory material and embedded into the cytoplasm of
the spermatocyst cell. The accessory material is produced inside the spermatids and then transferred to the outside due to
a new membrane formed around the sperm’s organelles. The old spermatid membrane separates the accessory material from the
cyst cell. The flagellum contains a 9+9+2 axoneme, two accessory bodies, and two mitochondrial derivatives of unequal size.
The major mitochondrial derivative is significantly larger than the minor one. The axoneme is arranged in a sinusoidal manner
parallel along the major mitochondrial derivative. The spermatozoa show no progressive motility when released in buffer solution
which is likely to be the result of the flagellar arrangement and the structure of the major mitochondrial derivative. The
cross-sectional area of the minor and the major mitochondrial derivatives show different patterns of genetic variation. The
data provide the first estimates of genetic variation in sperm ultrastructure for any species, and give evidence for the persistence
of genetic variation in ultrastructure required for the rapid and divergent evolution that characterizes spermatozoa generally. 相似文献
930.
M.A. Bustamante D. Said-Pullicino E. Agulló J. Andreu C. Paredes R. Moral 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,140(1-2):80-87
The effects on different physico-chemical, chemical and biological soil properties of the incorporation of different organic materials into a calcareous vineyard soil were studied in an experiment during three growing seasons. The organic materials used were sheep manure and four composts derived from the treatment of winery and distillery wastes. A multivariate technique, factor analysis (FA), was also used for interpreting the data obtained from the samplings carried out throughout the three vine growing seasons. The application of the organic materials induced an increase in the activity of the soil microorganisms and in the soil macro and micronutrient contents, as well as a slow release of inorganic N. Through FA of the soil properties studied, three factors that explained 74.7% of the variability were established and the effects of the treatments after the whole experimental period were assessed. 相似文献