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481.
Hogrefe C Isukapalli SS Tang X Georgopoulos PG He S Zalewsky EE Hao W Ku JY Key T Sistla G 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(1):92-108
The role of emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitric oxide from biogenic sources is becoming increasingly important in regulatory air quality modeling as levels of anthropogenic emissions continue to decrease and stricter health-based air quality standards are being adopted. However, considerable uncertainties still exist in the current estimation methodologies for biogenic emissions. The impact of these uncertainties on ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels for the eastern United States was studied, focusing on biogenic emissions estimates from two commonly used biogenic emission models, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS). Photochemical grid modeling simulations were performed for two scenarios: one reflecting present day conditions and the other reflecting a hypothetical future year with reductions in emissions of anthropogenic oxides of nitrogen (NOx). For ozone, the use of MEGAN emissions resulted in a higher ozone response to hypothetical anthropogenic NOx emission reductions compared with BEIS. Applying the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance on regulatory air quality modeling in conjunction with typical maximum ozone concentrations, the differences in estimated future year ozone design values (DVF) stemming from differences in biogenic emissions estimates were on the order of 4 parts per billion (ppb), corresponding to approximately 5% of the daily maximum 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 75 ppb. For PM2.5, the differences were 0.1-0.25 microg/m3 in the summer total organic mass component of DVFs, corresponding to approximately 1-2% of the value of the annual PM2.5 NAAQS of 15 microg/m3. Spatial variations in the ozone and PM2.5 differences also reveal that the impacts of different biogenic emission estimates on ozone and PM2.5 levels are dependent on ambient levels of anthropogenic emissions. 相似文献
482.
In order to reduce the ecological impact of resource exploitation, the EU calls for sustainable options to increase the efficiency and productivity of the utilization of natural resources. This target can only be achieved by considering resource recovery from waste comprehensively. However, waste management measures have to be investigated critically and all aspects of substance-related recycling and energy recovery have to be carefully balanced. This article compares recovery methods for selected waste fractions with regard to their energy efficiency.Whether material recycling or energy recovery is the most energy efficient solution, is a question of particular relevance with regard to the following waste fractions: paper and cardboard, plastics and biowaste and also indirectly metals. For the described material categories material recycling has advantages compared to energy recovery. In accordance with the improved energy efficiency of substance opposed to energy recovery, substance-related recycling causes lower emissions of green house gases.For the fractions paper and cardboard, plastics, biowaste and metals it becomes apparent, that intensification of the separate collection systems in combination with a more intensive use of sorting technologies can increase the extent of material recycling. Collection and sorting systems must be coordinated. The objective of the overall system must be to achieve an optimum of the highest possible recovery rates in combination with a high quality of recyclables.The energy efficiency of substance related recycling of biowaste can be increased by intensifying the use of anaerobic technologies. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the overall system, the energy efficiencies of energy recovery plants must be increased so that the waste unsuitable for substance recycling is recycled or treated with the highest possible energy yield. 相似文献
483.
Shin-ichi Sakai Hideto Yoshida Yasuhiro Hirai Misuzu Asari Hidetaka Takigami Shin Takahashi Keijirou Tomoda Maria Victoria Peeler Jakub Wejchert Thomas Schmid-Unterseh Aldo Ravazzi Douvan Roy Hathaway Lars D. Hylander Christian Fischer Gil Jong Oh Li Jinhui Ngo Kim Chi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):86-102
Reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) policies form the basis of waste management and global warming countermeasures globally, so we conducted a comparative study of 3R and waste management policies in the European Union (EU), USA, Korea, Japan, China, and Vietnam. An international workshop for 3R and waste management policymakers was held in Kyoto, Japan, and a bibliographic survey was also conducted to collect data. 3R policies are clearly given priority in the hierarchy of waste management in every country studied. Thermal recovery, which includes power generation from waste heat and methane gas collected from organic waste, is also a priority; this is consistent with the increased use of countermeasures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the EU, waste management is characterized by practical and effective 3R policies through the development of realistic regulations and by the policymakers??desire to simplify management systems. The policy ideal in China, however, is the development of a circular economy that targets reductions in the amount and hazardousness of waste. Limits on the number of final disposal sites, strategies for procuring resources, and GHG emission countermeasures are closely linked with 3R policies, and further development of 3R policies in parallel with such issues is expected. 相似文献
484.
Anne-Catherine Bénard Vincent Darcos Christian Drakides Claude Casellas Jean Coudane Michel Vert 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):40-48
Water-soluble synthetic polymers are extensively used in cosmetics, detergents and paints. Many end up in wastewater and,
later on, in wastewater-treatment plants. In order to gain an insight into their fate in such plants, fluorescence and radioactivity
labelings were compared using a lab-scale reactor designed to mimic industrial conditions. Two fermentation media were considered,
namely a mixture of E402 and E204 micro-organisms and an activated sludge collected from a water-treatment plant located in
the south of France. A sample of low molar mass commercial poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was labeled by radioactivity with tritium
and by coupling the 6-aminofluorescein fluorescent dye. Labeled PAA-containing sludges were allowed to ferment. To monitor
the fate of the polymers, aliquots of the fermented mixtures were withdrawn at selected times and centrifuged. Liquid and
solid phases were analyzed by scintigraphy or UV spectrometry, depending of the labeling techniques. Both techniques led to
similar distributions, c.a. 75% in the supernatant and 25% in the solid phase. Distributions remained constant during the
biological tests. There was no degradation of the commercial PAA after aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC), in agreement
with literature. These features showed that fluorescence-labeling can be used instead of the complex and expensive radiolabeling.
The validated fluorescence-based method was then applied to a linear poly(acrylic acid) synthesized by ATRP and labeled with
6-aminofluorescein. There was no significant difference between the commercial and the linear poly(acrylic acid)s. In contrast,
a linear PAA with 5% of tert-butyl ester repeating units was predominantly found in the solid phase although adsorption or absorption by micro-organisms
could not be demonstrated. The method based on fluorescence labeling should be applicable to other water soluble polymers
provided that the dye remains attached to the polymer as it was the case for the studied poly(acrylic acid)s. 相似文献
485.
Research aiming at generating effective contributions to sustainable development faces particular complexity related challenges.
This article proposes an analytical framework disentangling and structuring complexity issues with which research for sustainable
development is confronted. Based on theoretical conceptions from fields like policy sciences and transdisciplinary research
as well as on an in-depth analysis of the concept of sustainable development, three meta-perspectives on research for sustainable
development are introduced and elaborated. The first perspective focuses on notions of sustainable development, sorting out
the problem of unclear or ambiguous interpretations of the general sustainability objectives in specific contexts. The second
perspective introduces a broad conception of the policy process representing the way societal change towards sustainable development
is brought about. It supports identifying those academic and non-academic actors and stakeholders that are relevant for coming
up with effective knowledge contributions. The third perspective identifies different forms of knowledge that are needed to
tackle sustainability problems as well as the significance of their mutual interrelations. How the framework perspectives
support reflecting on the fundamental complexity issues research for sustainable development is confronted with is illustrated
using a case example from natural scientific research in the field of land use. We argue that meeting the complexity inherent
in the concept of sustainable development requires joint learning in policy processes, working out shared visions being in
line with the core objectives of sustainable development and generating knowledge about empirical, normative and pragmatic
aspects. 相似文献
486.
Katy Wolf Ph.D Azita Yazdani Pamela Yates 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1055-1061
Over the next decade, use of chlorinated solvents, a widely employed class of chemicals, will decline significantly because of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. These solvents pose certain health and environmental problems and they have been heavily scrutinized. The alternatives to the solvents are being adopted without controls. In some cases, these substances will pose other health and environmental problems that are likely to be as serious; in other cases, the alternatives have not been examined for their health and environmental effects at all. This case study demonstrates that regulations on chlorinated solvents and their potential alternatives are inconsistent with one another and conflicting. 相似文献
487.
Christian Seigneur Elpida Constantinou Mary Fend Leonard Levin Lawrence Graft Chris Whipple 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):823-830
Abstract The inclusion of non-detected chemicals in a health risk assessment may lead, in some cases, to estimated risks that exceed regulatory thresholds, because one must use the detection limit or half of the detection limit. This study presents a methodology which will allow one to estimate appropriate detection limits by conducting a health risk assessment prior to the source sampling program. The advantages and shortcomings of various levels of detail in the risk assessment to determine those detection limits are discussed. The application of the methodology is demonstrated with a case study of the potential health effects of power plant stack emissions. 相似文献
488.
Pâivi Ruokojârvi Arja Asikainen Juhani Ruuskanen Kari Tuppurainen Christian Mueller Pia Kilpinen Niina Yli-Keturi 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):422-431
ABSTRACT Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from municipal waste incineration have been widely studied because of their extensive toxicity, and many efforts have been made to restrict their emissions. Although a number of chemical compounds have been shown in laboratory-scale tests to inhibit the formation of PCDD/Fs, few have been tested in pilot- or full-scale plants. This work evaluates the effect of urea as a PCDD/F inhibitor in a pilot-scale incinerator that uses refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The decomposition of urea under the test conditions was also studied using detailed kinetic modeling. An aqueous solution of urea was injected into the flue gas stream after the furnace at ~730 °C, with varied urea concentrations and flue gas residence times used between the furnace and the sampling point. The results demonstrate that urea can successfully inhibit PCDD/F formation in waste incineration if concentrations and injection points are properly adjusted. The kinetic model showed that urea can be rapidly decomposed under appropriate flue gas conditions, indicating that in addition to the urea molecule itself, decomposition products of urea can also be responsible for the reduction of PCDD/F production during incineration. 相似文献
489.
Eric M. Fujita David E. Campbell Barbara Zielinska Judith C. Chow Christian E. Lindhjem Allison DenBleyker 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1134-1149
The Desert Research Institute conducted an on-road mobile source emission study at a traffic tunnel in Van Nuys, California, in August 2010 to measure fleet-averaged, fuel-based emission factors. The study also included remote sensing device (RSD) measurements by the University of Denver of 13,000 vehicles near the tunnel. The tunnel and RSD fleet-averaged emission factors were compared in blind fashion with the corresponding modeled factors calculated by ENVIRON International Corporation using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) MOVES2010a (Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator) and MOBILE6.2 mobile source emission models, and California Air Resources Board's (CARB's) EMFAC2007 (EMission FACtors) emission model. With some exceptions, the fleet-averaged tunnel, RSD, and modeled carbon monoxide (CO) and oxide of nitrogen (NOx) emission factors were in reasonable agreement (±25%). The nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emission factors (specifically the running evaporative emissions) predicted by MOVES were insensitive to ambient temperature as compared with the tunnel measurements and the MOBILE- and EMFAC-predicted emission factors, resulting in underestimation of the measured NMHC/NOx ratios at higher ambient temperatures. Although predicted NMHC/NOx ratios are in good agreement with the measured ratios during cooler sampling periods, the measured NMHC/NOx ratios are 3.1, 1.7, and 1.4 times higher than those predicted by the MOVES, MOBILE, and EMFAC models, respectively, during high-temperature periods. Although the MOVES NOx emission factors were generally higher than the measured factors, most differences were not significant considering the variations in the modeled factors using alternative vehicle operating cycles to represent the driving conditions in the tunnel. The three models predicted large differences in NOx and particle emissions and in the relative contributions of diesel and gasoline vehicles to total NOx and particulate carbon (TC) emissions in the tunnel.
Implications: Although advances have been made to mobile source emission models over the past two decades, the evidence that mobile source emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in urban areas were underestimated by as much as a factor of 2–3 in past inventories underscores the need for on-going verification of emission inventories. Results suggest that there is an overall increase in motor vehicle NMHC emissions on hot days that is not fully accounted for by the emission models. Hot temperatures and concomitant higher ratios of NMHC emissions relative to NOx both contribute to more rapid and efficient formation of ozone. Also, the ability of EPA's MOVES model to simulate varying vehicle operating modes places increased importance on the choice of operating modes to evaluate project-level emissions. 相似文献
490.
Amanda Ode Lars Rylander Christian H. Lindh Karin Källén Bo A. G. Jönsson Peik Gustafsson Per Olofsson Sten A. Ivarsson Anna Rignell-Hydbom 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(11):7970-7978
In recent years, some perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been identified as potentially hazardous substances which are harmful to the environment and human health. According to limited data, PFC levels in humans could be influenced by several determinants. However, the findings are inconsistent. In the present study, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were measured in paired maternal and cord serum samples (N?=?237) collected between 1978 and 2001 in Southern Sweden to study the relationship between these and to investigate several potential determinants of maternal and fetal exposure to PFCs. Time trends of PFCs in Swedish women were also evaluated. The study is a part of the Fetal Environment and Neurodevelopment Disorders in Epidemiological Research project. PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA levels (median) were higher in maternal serum (15, 2.1, and 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) than in cord serum (6.5, 1.7, and 0.20 ng/ml, respectively). PFC levels were among the highest in women originating from the Nordic countries and the lowest in women from the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Multiparous women had lower serum PFOA levels (1.7 ng/ml) than primiparous women (2.4 ng/ml). Maternal age, body mass index, cotinine levels, and whether women carried male or female fetuses did not affect serum PFC concentrations. Umbilical cord serum PFC concentrations showed roughly similar patterns as the maternal except for the gestational age where PFC levels increased with advancing gestational age. PFOS levels increased during the study period in native Swedish women. In summary, PFOS levels tend to increase while PFOA and PFNA levels were unchanged between 1978 and 2001 in our study population. Our results demonstrate that maternal country of origin, parity, and gestational age might be associated with PFC exposure. 相似文献