基于分形插值模型的贵州农产品区土壤养分综合评价研究

以贵州省农产品区为研究对象,选取5个养分指标,利用分形维数权重的方法构建土壤养分分形插值模型,结合GIS技术对贵州省农产品区的土壤养分现状进行综合评价,并引入多种评价模型与分形插值模型评价结果进行验证分析.结果表明：（1）贵州省农产品区中速效钾含量丰富,中位数为162.00 mg·kg-1,全氮、有机质、有效磷含量为中等水平,中位数为1.35 g·kg-1、20.30 g·kg-1、10.30 mg·kg-1,土壤为微酸性土壤.（2）分形插值是解决复杂的非线性关系问题的模型方法,将其运用于土壤养分综合评价中既考虑了指标间的非线性关系又考虑了指标间的权重关系,通过与投影寻踪模型、熵权TOPSIS模型和数值化模型对比验证与分析,分形插值模型与其他三种模型方法的评价结果有较好的一致性,评价结果更加客观、合理,为土壤养分综合评价提供了一种较好的新方法.（3）土壤养分分形插值综合评价分布图显示,贵州农产品区北部地区较南部地区土壤养分较好,由中部向四周呈放射状递减的趋势,土壤养分各等级水平均有体现,其中等和缺乏水平分布面积占研究总面积的38.17%和36.99%,说明整个研究区土壤养分水平综合状况主要以中等和缺乏水平为主.     

Sedimentary Pigments and Organic Matter in Relation to Benthic Fauna in the Tan-Shui Estuary,Taiwan

The benthic ecological structure of the Tan-Shui estuary, Taiwan is changed due to long term effects of dumping of urban wastewater and of engineering actions. to monitor these changes, we sampled and analyzed benthos and sediment from 12 stations on the estuary.

The composition of the dominant species of benthos varied seasonally, with molluscan and crustacean species having greater numbers and higher frequencies of occurrence than other species. the dominant taxa during winter were Nassarius sp. and Maldanidae at two stations. Analysis using Simpson's index and Shannon's index showed the benthic community varied more in coastal areas than in offshore areas.

Physicochemical analysis showed that most of the Tan-Shui estuary consisted of sandy sediment. the variations in concentrations of organic carbon and total nitrogen at each station were small. Although the concentrations of chlorophyll-a and carotenoid at all stations were generally low, the two stations had the highest concentrations, and we concluded that the concentration of pigments in these sediments was related to the abundance of benthos. the community structure of the benthos reflected the characteristics of the sediments, and benthic species exhibited selection of and adaptation to specific sedimentary environments.     

PCB 105-induced ultrastructural alterations in the rat liver: A stereological study

Liver alterations were stereologically determined in five groups, each of 10 male and female Sprague–Dawley weanling rats fed PCB 105 (2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl) for 13 weeks at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm mixed with corn oil. Animals from two groups receiving the oil in diets served as controls for each gender. A significant increase in mean volume fraction (VF) of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) profiles was estimated in hepatocytes of female rats in 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm groups. A significant decrease in VF of mitochondria in female rats at 50?ppm was detected. In addition, a decrease in VF of lipid droplets was measured in female rats at 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm groups. No difference was found in VF of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae, and peroxisome profiles at any concentration of the PCB in either male or female animals as compared to baseline values from controls. A significant elevation of baseline VF for RER in female rats was detected in comparison with males. In the present study, no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PCB 105 was estimated at <0.5?ppm for hepatocyte alterations in female Sprague–Dawley rats.     

Enhanced adsorption of arsenate on titanium dioxide using Ca and Mg ions

In this study, we report the effects of pH and divalent cations on the adsorption of arsenate (As(V)) by titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The extent of As(V) adsorption on TiO₂ decreased with increasing pH due to the decrease of positively charged binding sites on the TiO₂ surface. The Langmuir maximum uptake capacity at pH 4 is about three times higher than that at pH 7. Here we show that the relatively low As(V) uptake at circumneutral pH could be substantially enhanced by the addition of common divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium. At a concentration of approximately 7 mM, magnesium and calcium increased the extent of As(V) adsorption from 2.1 to 6.5 and 7.7 mg As(V)/g TiO₂, respectively.     

Characterization of chemical species in universal sampler (PM2.5 and PM2.5–10) aerosols in suburban area of central Taiwan

Aerosol samples of particulate and chemical species for PM₁₀ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 μm) collected by Universal sampler were studied from June to August 1998 in the suburban area of central Taiwan. The ratios of PM_2.5/PM_2.5–10 displayed that the fine particles (particle size < 2.5 μm) are prevailing in the suburban site. Ion Chromatography was used to analyze for the water‐soluble ions: sulphate and nitrate in the Universal samples. Also, the collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elemental analysis of Ca, Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr. The results indicated that the crustal elements (Ca and Fe) and resuspended matters were dominated in the coarse particulate mode while the anthropogenic elements (Cr, Pb, Cu) and sulphate components are mainly in the fine particle fraction. The results also showed that the sulphate and nitrate make the largest portion of the chemical species collected by Universal sampler (PMio). The concentrations of heavy metals in THU are generally high, owing to the higher motor vehicle and industrial density nearby. The degree of pollution from this source differs from day to day, depending on the motor vehicle density.     

依法行政,促进环境执法的完善

环境执法是将环境法规中抽象的权利义务变成环境法中具体的权利义务的过程.环境执法是中国环境法制建设的一个重要组成部分.相关国家环保行政职能部门在行使行政权力时,享有很大的自由裁量权,他们能否合法有效地行使好行政权力,直接关系到国家的环保事业和发展.针对当前中国环境执法的现状及环境依法行政的重要意义,以期为政府制定相关环境执法政策、措施提供科学的决策依据和建议,提出了几点环境依法执法的构思:建立系统的、严谨的环境执法理论,树立崭新的执法理念,运用崭新的执法方式,严格依据法定程序办事,健全依法行政责任制和监督机制,推行政务公开,创建公正有效的执法环境.     

水中杀菌剂叶青双及其降解物的反相液相色谱测定

本文用反相液相色谱法测定水中叶青双及其降解物2-氨基5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑。平均回收率分别为91％和94％;对水样的最低检测浓度分别为2ppb和0.8ppb;叶青双与2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑的分离度为2.5。本法在柱效和灵敏度上比硅胶柱液相色谱法有明显的提高。     

离子液体生态毒理研究进展

近年来,离子液体在化工领域中的应用越来越广泛,为了让使用者更加了解“绿色溶剂”——离子液体,从而更加安全合理地使用它,本文简单介绍了离子液体的结构与性质,阐述了离子液体对微生物(费氏弧菌等)、植物(小麦、水稻、蚕豆、拟南芥和藻类等)、动物(鱼类、小鼠、蚯蚓和蚕等)、细胞(正常角质形成细胞HaCaT、肝细胞HepG、人宫颈癌细胞Hela和草地贪夜蛾细胞等)、酶(脱氢酶、胰蛋白酶等)和脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)的毒性效应,重点分析了离子液体对植物和动物的毒理机制,并对未来离子液体的毒理研究作出展望。     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

Abstract

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called ‘Yin-Yang Hai’ for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.