不同沉水植物净水能力与植株体细菌群落组成相关性

选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)这8种亚热带地区常见的沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行对比试验,并结合16S rRNA基因测序对沉水植物关联细菌群落组成进行测定,研究沉水植物对水体的净化能力与植株体菌群之间的相关性.结果表明,8种沉水植物对水体中的氮磷的去除主要通过植物增效作用,植物吸收富集作用去除率较低.其中密刺苦草对水体中TN、TP的去除率最高,达到了91. 58%和96. 81%.伊乐藻、金鱼藻对水中氮磷自身吸收能力高于其他组,密刺苦草和苦草的植物增效的净化能力最强.经分析,8种沉水植物对水体中氮磷的净化能力较强可能是因为植物关联的细菌大多具有降解作用.根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales)的细菌可能是引起密刺苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群,异常球菌纲(Deinococci)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)、腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)和生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)的细菌可能是引起苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群.     

喀斯特地区小尺度农业土壤砷的空间分布及污染评价

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,部分地区的土壤砷(As)污染问题比较突出.为了解高As背景地区农业土壤As含量分布特征,选取贵州省兴义市西南部具有代表性的As污染区(典型喀斯特区、亚喀斯特区)为研究对象,并以非喀斯特区作为对照组,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究农业土壤As的空间变异和污染状况,并采用Moran's I系数分析在小尺度下土壤As的空间自相关性及其方向性特征.结果表明,不同地貌区土壤中As含量从高到低依次为:典型喀斯特区亚喀斯特区非喀斯特区,其中典型喀斯特区农业土壤As的算术均值与几何均值分别为47. 9 mg·kg~(-1)和43. 3 mg·kg~(-1),亚喀斯特区其值分别为36. 8 mg·kg~(-1)和30. 1 mg·kg~(-1),两个区域农业土壤As含量明显高于贵州土壤As背景值,As的超标率分别为98. 5%和96. 7%,表现出明显的As累积,而非喀斯特区As超标率仅为6. 7%;独立样本T检验结果表明,在3个不同地貌类型中,农业土壤与自然土壤As含量均无显著性差异(P 0. 05).农业土壤As的Moran's I系数为0. 45,Z值为11. 61,在本采样尺度下具有显著的正空间自相关(P 0. 05),存在空间聚集,尤其是东北-西南方向空间自相关性较好,以结构性变异为主.农业土壤样本As总体上处于轻微污染至轻度污染之间,分别占27. 10%、29. 02%,部分地区处于中度污染级别,而处于无污染状态的样本占41. 94%.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

安全技术说明书在油田化学助剂危害因素识别中存在问题探讨

以3种化学助剂的化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)信息与气相色谱-质谱联用仪定性分析结果为对比,探讨了油田化学助剂安全技术说明书在完整性、真实性、准确性等方面存在的问题,建议完善SDS审核与监督机制,在识别有害因素时根据SDS、定性定量检测结果、生产工艺及原辅材料分析等内容做出综合判断,使用化学助剂时核实SDS准确性及化学助剂安全性,以采取正确的防控措施。     

生态文明下的环境法制

生态文明建设的进程受到诸多因素的制约,如生态环境意识、环境立法、行政执法和司法缺陷、法律政策等,同时生态文明建设中面临诸多的难题,如公众参与、生态补偿、环境责任及环境纠纷等,应通过完善立法、执法及司法建设,以及完善公众参与机制、生态补偿机制、环境公益诉讼制度等保障机制来解决这些问题。本文首先通过比较分析生态文明与环境法制的关系,结合我国生态法制建设困境,提出了完善生态文明建设的一系列的环境法治保障措施,即从立法、执法、司法角度,从而实现科学发展观,构建和谐社会,最终实现环境—社会—经济协调发展的任务。     

滇池流域水污染防治规划与富营养化控制战略研究

根据滇池水污染防治的决策需求,在系统分析滇池水环境演变趋势和评估演变诱因的基础上,以流域水环境承载力方案及容量总量控制方案为基础,提出了滇池流域水污染防治中长期规划研究的方法体系,包括:问题驱动、调查诊断、规划基础、规划方案、评估调控、规划战略;提出了源头控制、工程控制和末端控制相结合的污染减排对策;通过构建3个尺度、8个分区及4个规划重点的流域污染减排集成体系及情景方案,来实现在2个规划期、3类水质目标、4种社会经济发展情景下的规划目标.在此基础上,提出了滇池富营养化控制的战略思路.     

Centrifugal study of zone of influence during air-sparging

Air sparging (AS) is one of the groundwater remediation techniques for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in saturated soil. However, in spite of the success of air sparging as a remediation technique for the cleanup of contaminated soils, to date, the fundamental mechanisms or the physics of air flow through porous media is not well understood. In this study, centrifugal modeling tests were performed to investigate air flow rates and the evolution of the zone of influence during the air sparging under various g-levels. The test results show that with the increase in sparging pressure the mass flow rate of the air sparging volume increases. The air mass flow rate increases linearly with the effective sparging pressure ratio, which is the difference between sparging pressure and hydrostatic pressure normalized with respect to the effective overburden pressure at the sparging point. Also the slope of mass flow rate with effective sparging pressure ratio increases with higher g-levels. This variation of the slope of mass flow rate of air sparging volume versus effective sparging pressure ratio, M, is linear with g-level confirming that the air flow through soil for a given effective sparging pressure ratio only depends on the g-level. The test results also show that with increasing sparging pressure, the zone of influence (ZOI), which consists of the width at the tip of the cone or lateral intrusion and the cone angle, will lead to an increase in both lateral intrusion and the cone angle. With a further increase in air injection pressure, the cone angle reaches a constant value while the lateral intrusion becomes the main contributor to the enlargement of the ZOI. However, beyond a certain value of effective sparging pressure ratio, there is no further enlargement of the ZOI.