数值预报方法在广州空气质量预报中的应用

空气污染预报涉及到多介质、多界面、多物质之间相互作用和耦合的多学科问题,文中概括地论述了空气污染数值预报的基本特征(尺度及预报时效、时空分辨率、多物质性、理化生过程耦合、城市空气污染气象与污染物排放特征);数值预报系统的基本构成(气象场预报和浓度场预报);模式原始资料的收集、分类整理,边界场、背景场和初始条件的处理;计算过程中Meso-α模式和Meso-β模式资料同化的处理以及数值预报模式系统的实际业务操作的及时性、可行性和准确性均作了细致深入的探讨.     

活性炭纤维阴极增强电-KMnO4去除水中双氯芬酸

为考察单独活性炭纤维（ACF）,高锰酸钾（PM）,电化学（E）,电-高锰酸钾（E-PM）,活性炭纤维-高锰酸钾（ACF-PM）以及电-活性炭纤维阴极-高锰酸钾体系（E-ACF-PM）对水中双氯芬酸的降解效果,研究了电流强度,溶液初始pH值对E-ACF-PM体系去除水中双氯芬酸的影响,通过ACF表面形态分析,自由基捕获实验,络合反应等探索了E-ACF-PM体系的反应机理.结果表明,在E-ACF-PM体系中电化学（E-ACF）和PM之间有明显的协同作用,双氯芬酸被快速去除.随着电流强度增加（50~200mA）,双氯芬酸去除率增大;pH值增大,体系对双氯芬酸的去除效果越差,pH值为11时去除率仅为31.70%.与ACF-PM体系相比,E-ACF-PM体系阴极电场可以保护ACF不被破坏,同时吸附在ACF上的Mn （VII）得到电子,快速转化成活性氧化剂Mn （III）,实现对目标污染物的快速去除.     

典型稻田土壤真菌群落结构及多样性对比

为了解中国主要稻作区内不同母质发育的稻田土壤真菌群落结构和多样性差异,本研究选取由砖红壤、红壤、盐碱土、黑土和紫色土发育而来的5种中国典型稻田土壤为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术对土壤真菌群落组成及多样性进行对比分析.结果表明：5种典型稻田土壤的含水量、pH值、盐度及容重差异显著（P<0.05）;从Chao1指数来看,稻田土壤真菌群落丰度红壤型 > 黑土型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.从ACE指数来看,群落丰度黑土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 紫色土型 > 盐碱土型.Shannon指数和Simpson指数均表现为群落多样性黑土型 > 紫色土型 > 红壤型 > 砖红壤型 > 盐碱土型;5种典型稻田土壤真菌门水平相对丰度最高的均是子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;砖红壤型和红壤型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）,紫色土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属、枝鼻菌属（Cladorrhinum）和柄孢壳属（Zopfiella）,黑土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为翅孢壳属和明梭孢属（Monographella）,盐碱土型稻田土壤的优势真菌属为瓶头霉属（Phialocephala）;石黄衣属（Xanthoria）、Cyberlindnera、青霉菌属（Penicillium）和Westerdykella的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Ceroophora的相对丰度与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;帚枝霉属（Sarocladium）的相对丰度与可溶性有机碳呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.以上研究表明,稻田真菌的群落结构和多样性受稻田开垦前土壤类型的影响,真菌物种丰度和优势菌种类型对土壤理化性质变化的响应较为敏感.     

空间环境下碳纤维/双马树脂基复合材料的性能演化及损伤机理

目的基于碳纤维/双马树脂基(CF/BMI)复合材料在航天结构材料中广泛的应用前景,研究其性能演化及损伤机理,为评估与预测其在空间环境下的服役性能及寿命提供理论依据。方法利用地面试验装置模拟不同的空间环境因素包括真空热循环、质子辐照和电子辐照,利用动态力学分析(DMA)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热膨胀分析、原子力显微镜(AFM)和力学性能测试等手段系统地研究CF/BMI复合材料在空间环境下的性能变化及损伤行为。结果真空热循环能够引发复合材料产生脱气行为与界面脱粘效应,使其横向拉伸强度退化,弯曲强度和层间剪切强度受到热循环初期固化交联作用的影响,呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。质子辐照导致材料表面层化学键断裂及碳化,使力学性能及热性能受到一定程度的损伤。电子辐照能够引发辐照交联和辐照降解作用,在较高束流量辐照下降解作用占据主导地位成为复合材料力、热性能退化的决定性因素。结论预期研究成果为CF/BMI复合材料在空间环境下的服役性能及寿命的评估与预测提供了必要的理论依据。     

不同热解条件下合成生物炭对铜离子的吸附动力学研究

为了揭示生物质炭对铜离子的吸附动力学特性,研究了以不同条件下合成的生物质炭作为吸附剂吸附铜离子的动力学过程.用生活中常见的玉米芯和龙爪槐为原材料,以限氧升温炭化法制备生物炭.表征了其结构和表面特征,又通过一系列批实验,研究不同热解温度(300、400、500、600和700℃)和不同热解时间(1、2、4、6、8 h)的玉米芯与龙爪槐生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学特征与机理.结果表明,生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学数据随时间的变化能很好的用准二级动力学方程进行拟合,可见生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附是复杂的,不是单一的单层吸附.同时用颗粒内扩散模型、班厄姆方程和Boyd外扩散模型进行分析,结果表明颗粒内扩散不是两种生物炭吸附铜离子的唯一速率控制步骤,液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散均在吸附过程中起到重要影响,且液膜扩散是主要的限速因素.     

A multilevel study of group‐focused and individual‐focused transformational leadership,social exchange relationships,and performance in teams

Using matched reports from 73 team leaders and 359 of their members across 23 companies in Korea, we examined a multilevel model where group‐ and individual‐focused transformational leadership and their influence processes operate at the team and dyadic levels independently and interactively to be associated with team and member performance. Results indicated that group‐focused transformational leadership was positively associated with team performance through team member exchange (TMX), whereas individual‐focused transformational leadership positively related to team members' in‐role and extra‐role performance through leader–member exchange (LMX). TMX not only positively mediated the relationships between group‐focused transformational leadership and member performance after controlling for LMX but also positively moderated LMX–performance relationships. Moreover, the indirect effect of individual‐focused transformational leadership through LMX on member performance was contingent upon the level of TMX. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong

This paper reports on a study which explored the possible relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong. A total of 212 residential complexes from 11 contrasting urban forms were sampled, and their noise levels assessed both at dwelling and neighbourhood scales by noise mapping. Its findings indicate that residential complexes with different urban forms have significantly different noisescape attributes. There is a strong correlation between the noise characteristics and morphological indicators at the dwelling scale. A less obstreperous noisescape is associated with urban forms with lower road and building densities, and with building arrangements which provide self-noise screening. These findings suggest that urban form is an influential determinant of the noisescape in the urban environment, and they point to the need to rethink the conventional approach to managing the urban acoustic environment.     

Specific antibody for pesticide residue determination produced by antibody-pesticide complex

A new method for specific antibody production was developed using antibody (Ab)-pesticide complex as a unique immunogen. Parathion (PA) was the targeted pesticide, and rabbit polyclonal antibody (Pab) and mouse monoclonal antibody (Mab) were used as carrier proteins. The Ab-PA complexes were generated by conjugating the two antibodies with an excessive dosage of PA. It was shown that the sensitivity of homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the new antibodies was similar to that using original antibodies. However, the new mouse Pab had not only similar positive recognizing spectrum as the original Mab, but also a significantly improved sensitivity in heterologous ELISA when some recognizable competitors were applied. IC₅₀ value of ELISA based on a combination of the new mouse Pab and hapten 9 was 0.24 ng/mL, which was 445.54 times as that of the homologous ELISA. An Ab-pesticide complex may be a suitable alternative immunogen for producing highly specific antibody to improve the immunoassay sensitivity.     

Sediment-water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Yangtze River Estuary

Analysis of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) distribution in water and sediment in Yangtze River Estuary showed that the estuary was a sink for PFOS. Salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment-water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. As the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 3.31, the distribution coefficient (K_d) between sediment and water linearly increased from 0.76 to 4.70 L g⁻¹. The study suggests that PFOS may be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reaches to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the dramatic change in salinity.     

综放采空区遗煤厚度的分布规律及模拟研究

鉴于采空区遗煤厚度对其自燃规律影响的重要性,对综放采空区遗煤厚度的分布规律进行了研究.应用松散介质理论、放煤椭球体理论及三维数值模拟方法对综放采空区遗煤的空间分布形态、采空区顶板压力及空隙率分布进行分析,得到采空区遗煤厚度的计算公式及三维分布示意图,采空区顶板压力与遗煤空隙率、遗煤厚度的函数关系及在算例条件下三者的三维分布状态.结果表明:综放采空区遗煤的空间形态受工作面的放煤步距、放煤口间距及顶煤破裂角、采空区顶板压力、遗煤空隙率等因素的影响,采空区遗煤厚度分布的确定应是非连续、非均匀的.