The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

长江中下游典型硅酸盐岩流域自然风化与人类活动影响下的水化学特征-以抚河流域为例

抚河汇流于中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖,也是长江中下游的重要支流,其河流水化学组成代表了典型的硅酸盐岩地区河流风化特征.本研究于2019年1月对抚河流域进行了系统的采样分析,通过离子的主成分分析、离子比值分析等方法对流域河水水化学空间变化、控制因素和主要离子来源进行了研究.结果表明,K+、Na+和HCO3-为抚河流域水体的主...     

Aerosol characterization in a city in central China plain and implications for emission control

Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM_2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.     

臭氧微气泡处理酸性大红3R废水特性研究

微气泡技术与臭氧废水处理相结合,有助于促进臭氧气液传质、改善臭氧氧化效果并提高臭氧利用率.本研究采用臭氧微气泡氧化处理酸性大红3R废水,考察了臭氧微气泡的气液传质特性以及对酸性大红3R氧化降解特性,并与臭氧传统气泡进行比较.结果表明,微气泡能够强化臭氧气液传质,相同条件下其臭氧传质系数为传统气泡的3.6倍;同时微气泡系统的臭氧分解系数为传统气泡系统的6.2倍,有利于·OH产生.臭氧微气泡可显著提高酸性大红3R氧化降解速率和矿化效率,其TOC去除率可达78.0%,约为传统气泡的2倍.臭氧微气泡处理酸性大红3R过程中的臭氧利用率显著高于传统气泡:微气泡系统平均臭氧利用率为97.8%;传统气泡系统平均臭氧利用率为69.3%.臭氧微气泡通过促进·OH产生提高臭氧氧化能力,其对降解中间产物的氧化速率更快,其中对小分子有机酸的矿化能力约为传统气泡的1.6倍.     

不同生物反应器中基因工程菌生物强化处理阿特拉津研究

在膜-生物反应器(MBR)和复合生物反应器中,考察基因工程菌生物强化处理阿特拉津去除效果,并对基因工程菌浓度和降解基因atzA基因丰度变化进行检测.结果表明,阿特拉津对COD和氨氮的生物去除活性具有一定的抑制作用;基因工程菌生物强化后,COD及氨氮的去除效率得到恢复.MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效果优于复合生物反应器.基...     

柴窝堡湖水质12年变化及改善措施探讨

柴窝堡湖位于乌鲁木齐市东南郊,受自然条件、人工开发及上游排污的影响,其水质近12年来发生了一定程度的变化。通过收集现状及历史监测资料对水质污染程度进行了评价,调查分析结果表明,柴窝堡湖水质已不能满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准要求,达不到渔业养殖水域功能区的需要,其中以2008年污染最严重。对水质变化贡献较大的污染物主要为氯化物、氟化物、总磷、总氮、砷、化学需氧量。各参数中砷、氟化物对人体健康的危害较为显著。根据调查分析结果,柴窝堡湖水质下降主要原因为上游单位排污、水资源补给量减少及自然地质因素,并对乌鲁木齐市饮用水安全构成潜在威胁。提出的水质改善措施主要包括减少工业源及生活源污水排放量、增加水资源补给量、建设区域固体废物集中储运设施、控制农业面源等。     

局部预压力结构扁挤压筒的分析研究

通过对扁挤压筒结构的优化分析 ,提出了局部预压力结构扁挤压筒模型 ,给出了对模型的有限元分析结果。采用局部预压力结构方法设计的扁挤压筒 ,与等效厚壁圆筒法设计的扁挤压筒相比 ,在同等条件下 ,可以使危险部位的等效应力明显降低     

论溢油鉴定在海事行政执法中的法律适用

主要论述了溢油鉴定结论的合法性条件，溢油鉴定在海事行政执法中的适用等问题，提出了确立海事部门溢油鉴定机构合法地位的相关建议。     

鄱阳湖湿地环境开发初探

本文讨论了鄱阳湖区湿地生态功能，分析了不合理利用造成的湿地资源衰退，水生生物难以恢复，据此提出了相应对策。     

Ti(Ⅳ)与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石薄膜弱紫外光杀菌研究

采用共沉淀水热合成和离子交换的方法,制备了钛与铜离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2:HAP)(HAPTiCu),以大肠杆菌为目标物,研究了不同材料负载的多孔镍网薄膜在弱紫外光下的杀菌活性.结果表明,HAPTiCu在弱紫外光下具有高效杀菌效率,并远远高于HAPTi和P25 TiO2薄膜.这主要是铜离子的抗菌与光催化分解细菌的协同作用的结果.电子自旋共振(ESR)研究表明杀菌反应的主要活性物种是O2-.HAPTiCu薄膜释放的铜离子在光催化杀菌反应过程中,被光催化还原沉积在表面,导致了较低的铜离子溶出,从而保证了材料的稳定性.