铝—铬天青S—聚乙烯醇体系光度法测定沉积物中的铝

在聚乙炮醇增溶剂的作用下，用铬天青Ｓ测定铝的分光光度法，研究了铝（Ⅲ）－铬天青Ｓ－聚乙烯醇配合物形成的最佳条件。该法的回收率为９７．６８％－１００．６０％，相对标准偏差小于１．３０％。     

外国消防志愿者一瞥

随着消防工作的发展,志愿消防已成为消防社会化工作的一支重要力量,并在日常消防管理工作中发挥着举足轻重的作用。在我国,志愿消防队伍不是很健全,还停留在初期阶段,对志愿消防队伍的建设、管理等一系列问题,还有待于进一步加强和完善。笔者现介绍部分国家的志愿消防情况,希望能对我国的志愿消防工作有所借鉴。     

高头窑煤矿河流下浅埋煤层综放开采安全限采研究

导水裂隙带高度是水体下安全采煤的主要依据,本文通过数值计算、相似材料模拟、规程预测和工程类比等方法,对高头窑煤矿水多湖川和大哈他土沟河下浅埋煤层开采时导水裂隙带高度进行了预测研究,结果表明：几种方法预测结果有一定的误差,综合工程类比结果,高头窑煤矿水多湖川和大哈他土沟下采煤时裂采比定为15。由于高头窑煤矿2-3煤层上覆基岩段厚度较薄,根据三下开采规程,煤层开采需要进行安全限采控制,采高h≤H/19,以达到控制导水裂隙带高度的目的,实现河下采煤的安全开采。     

Reproduction and growth of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lake of Korea

This study analyzed the reproduction and growth of freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens De Haan 1844 from Suk-dang lake(Korea). The analysis of the sex ratio showed a higher proportion of males than that of females. The average size of the eggs was 6.12 (+/-0.55) mm3 in the non-eyed stage (stageA) and 7.20 (+/-0.86)mm3 in the eyed stage (stage B). The reproductive output (RO) calculated with the dried-body weight of an incubating female and the weight of the eggs in dried condition was 26.97% (n = 17) of the average females weight. Incubating prawn appeared in April, and the gonadosomatic indices(GSI) showed the highest value during three months from January to March. Based on the month when there was a high proportion of incubating females with a high GSI, the estimated spawning season of P. paucidens was April. The maturity of the female was evaluated by the development of the ovaries and the existence of eggs. The average body length when 50% of the females in the group reached maturity was 8.55 (+/-2.74) mm. The analysis of the length-frequency distribution showed that the life span of P. paucidens ranged from 12 to 13 months. Females mature faster than males.     

环境地球化学污染元素的参数评估法及环境评价

环境污染中的无机污染在很大程度上需要判断是否污染及污染的程度.笔者用常规地球化学方法对数据处理后,用t-分布检验是否具区域性污染,用分级指数判别其污染的程度,结果表明用简单的地球化学方法可以解决环境的基本问题.      

吸附-催化氧化法深度去除采油废水中COD的研究

采用载铜活性炭和废水中溶解氧体系,用催化氧化法深度去除采油废水中的COD.活性炭用质量分数为7.5%的Cu(NO3)2溶液浸渍,在260℃下还原固化,制得催化剂.采用固定床式水处理柱,对混凝沉降处理后COD难以达标的采油废水进行了深度处理研究.pH为7.5±0.5、经曝气处理后的采油废水,在25～35℃条件下与催化体系接触2h,可将45倍于催化剂体积的采油废水中的COD由400mg/L以上降至100mg/L以下.催化剂可以再生.     

HRT对折流板式厌氧生物反应器处理印染废水的影响

针对印染废水水质水量变化大、ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)低、色度高的特点,以苏南某污水厂(印染废水比例大于90％)调节池出水为研究对象,开展ABR(折流板式厌氧生物反应器)处理印染废水试验,处理规模为2 L/h,重点考察不同HRT(水力停留时间)下ABR对COD_Cr、色度的去除和对ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)的提升效果. 结果表明:①当进水平均ρ(COD_Cr)为517 mg/L、色度为380倍、ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)为0.20时,随着HRT(32、24、18、14和10 h)的缩短,COD_Cr平均去除率由46.1%降至22.5%,色度平均去除率由60.6%降至51.0%,出水ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)由0.39降至0.30. ②随着格室数量的增加,ρ(COD_Cr)和色度逐渐降低,其中第1格室的COD_Cr和色度的去除率分别占总去除率的20.0%和51.0%,紫外-可见吸收光谱扫描也证明了这一点. ③经过ABR厌氧水解后污染物种类明显减少,说明ABR厌氧水解作用较好,可为后续好氧工艺奠定基础.      

三氯生和三氯卡班对两栖动物蝌蚪的急性毒性

三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC)是个人护理品中常用抗菌剂,在水体中普遍存在,但目前其对两栖动物的毒性研究仍较少。本研究以黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪为受试生物,研究TCS和TCC对蝌蚪的急性毒性。将处于第一个蝌蚪发育期的黑斑蛙蝌蚪(Gosner 26期)和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪(NF 46期)分别暴露于系列浓度的TCS和TCC,测定其对蝌蚪的半数致死浓度(96 hLC_(50))。结果发现,TCS对黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)分别为441μg·L~(-1)和280μg·L~(-1);TCC对黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)为252μg·L~(-1)和217μg·L~(-1)。这些数据显示TCS和TCC对两种蝌蚪的毒性较高,且对非洲爪蛙蝌蚪毒性均略高于对黑斑蛙蝌蚪的毒性,整体来看TCC的毒性略高于TCS。     

蚯蚓金属硫蛋白定量PCR检测方法及其分子诊断

根据GenBank中蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)金属硫蛋白(MT)基因序列设计合成引物,采用RT-PCR扩增出目的基因片段,将目的基因片段插入pEASY-Blunt中制备质粒标准品.通过不同梯度稀释倍数的质粒标准品,建立了目的基因MT与内参基因β-actin的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法.通过土壤染毒培养实验,将蚯蚓分别暴露于50,500,1000mg/kg 重金属Cd染毒的自然土壤中培养14,28d,研究蚯蚓体内MT mRNA转录水平的表达变化.结果表明,重组质粒测序后显示目的片段序列同源性好,证明所设计的MT、β-actin引物能成功用于蚯蚓MT mRNA的检测.两基因构建的荧光定量标准曲线线性关系分别为0.994,0.999,且PCR扩增效率也皆接近于100%.染毒实验发现,Cd可诱导蚯蚓体内MT mRNA的表达,其表达水平与Cd污染暴露呈现出剂量-效应和时间-效应关系,表明蚯蚓MT基因可作为潜在分子标志物,诊断环境中Cd污染及其暴露水平.     

Phenotypic plasticity of native vs. invasive purple loosestrife: a two-state multivariate approach

The differences in phenotypic plasticity between invasive (North American) and native (German) provenances of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) were examined using a multivariate reaction norm approach testing two important attributes of reaction norms described by multivariate vectors of phenotypic change: the magnitude and direction of mean trait differences between environments. Data were collected for six life history traits from native and invasive plants using a split-plot design with experimentally manipulated water and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between native and invasive plants in multivariate phenotypic plasticity for comparisons between low and high water treatments within low nutrient levels, between low and high nutrient levels within high water treatments, and for comparisons that included both a water and nutrient level change. The significant genotype x environment (G x E) effects support the argument that invasiveness of purple loosestrife is closely associated with the interaction of high levels of soil nutrient and flooding water regime. Our results indicate that native and invasive plants take different strategies for growth and reproduction; native plants flowered earlier and allocated more to flower production, while invasive plants exhibited an extended period of vegetative growth before flowering to increase height and allocation to clonal reproduction, which may contribute to increased fitness and invasiveness in subsequent years.