微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化实现污泥减量的研究

采用SBR装置,对应用微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化实现污泥减量进行了研究。结果表明,在微波功率为800W,微波辐照时间为50s,每克SS加入0.19g活性炭纤维条件下,微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化污泥的分解率明显高于单独微波消解处理。将微波诱导处理后的污泥返回到处理系统中,随着被微波诱导处理的污泥占反应器内污泥的比例(污泥处理比例)的增大,污泥表观产率系数随之减小,污泥减量也越明显;污泥处理比例为5%(体积分数,下同)、10%、15%时,与对照系统相比,处理系统污泥减量分别为24.3%、43.6%、62.2%;随着污泥处理比例的增大,处理系统出水溶解性COD(SCOD)呈升高趋势,但系统仍能保持其生物处理能力,SCOD去除率在85%以上。处理系统和对照系统的氨氮降解速率常数及污泥耗氧速率相差不大,处理系统的硝化能力及污泥活性基本没有受到微波诱导催化氧化作用的影响。     

基于OFDR的不连续管道竖向错开变形定量监测∗

近年来逐步发展起来的分布式光纤传感技术被大量应用于管道变形监测当中,而现有的光纤传感技术无法满足高空间分辨率的要求,采用一种新型的光频域分布式光纤传感技术(OFDR),对不连续管道在加荷条件下的竖向错开变形进行室内模型试验研究,提出了一种定量计算方法,并将计算值与千分表监测的实际值进行对比分析。 室内试验的结果表明,OFDR 能够精确地反映监测部位的应变,揭示不连续管道接缝处的变形规律。通过所提出的算法将应变值转化为竖向错开变形量,并与千分表的监测值进行对比分析。提出的算法能够定量监测不连续管道的竖向变形量,为实际工程提供竖向错开变形的下限值,为实际工程中的管道安全和预警提供依据。     

苏州地面沉降区土层微观结构和宏观力学性质分析

地面沉降是苏州地区主要的地质灾害之一,由于长期开采地下水,该地区地面沉降不断加剧,制约了经济发展。结合土体微观结构定量分析和宏观力学性质试验,探索地面沉降问题的微宏观机制。以苏州地面沉降区200m的钻孔土样为研究对象,开展了快速固结、液塑限测定等一系列土工试验。采用冷冻干燥法获取各土层的SEM图像,使用PCAS分析软件对土样进行微观结构分析并在钻孔中布设FBG光缆进行持续性土层应变监测。结合液、塑限试验,快速固结实验数据,微观结构定量分析结果与光纤监测数据,得出以下结论:沉积土层的含水率,液性指数,压缩系数随深度递减;随着深度的增加,土层的定向性由差变好;第二承压含水层土层孔隙大且数量多,压缩潜力强于第三承压含水层,稳定性较差,有必要开展进一步监测研究。     

薄荷化感物质的作用及其初步分离

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)、青菜(Brassica chinensis)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus)3种作物为受体，对薄荷(Mentha Haplocalyx)化感物质的作用进行了研究．结果表明：薄荷根分泌物显著促进小麦幼苗和幼根的生长，显著抑制青菜幼苗和幼根生长，显著促进萝卜幼苗而抑制其幼根生长．薄荷地上部分水浸液显著抑制青菜、萝卜的种子萌发和幼苗、幼根的生长；萝卜比青菜更敏感，幼根比幼苗更敏感；随着化感物质浓度的降低，抑制作用逐渐减弱、消失，甚至转变为促进作用．水浸液经氯仿、石油醚萃取后，剩余水相浓度变小、水势升高，但其抑制作用反而更加强烈．这说明，这种极其强烈的抑制作用不是低水势而是化感物质造成的；而且，剩余水相的抑制作用被同样具有抑制作用的石油醚相和氯仿相组分所削弱。即化感组分之间存在拮抗作用．剩余水相经大孔树脂进一步分离得到的3个组分都极显著地促进青菜幼苗的生长．这表明，水相强烈的抑制作用是由起极显著促进作用的3个组分的混合物产生的，且排除了水势降低的影响．但组分2显著抑制青菜、萝卜种子的萌发和幼根的生长．图2表4参26     

Mechanism of ball milled activated carbon in improving the desalination performance of flow- and fixed-electrode in capacitive deionization desalination

● BACs were used in electrode material for both fixed and flowing electrodes. ● ASAR of FCDI and MCDI was improved by 134% and 17%, respectively. ● ENRS of FCDI and MCDI was improved by 21% and 53%. ● The mechanism of improving desalination performance was analyzed in detail. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel electrochemical water-treatment technology. The electrode material is an important factor in determining the ion separation efficiency. Activated carbon (AC) is extensively used as an electrode material; however, there are still many deficiencies in commercial AC. We adopted a simple processing method, ball milling, to produce ball milled AC (BAC) to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of the original AC and desalination efficiency. The BAC was characterized in detail and used for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) and flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) electrode materials. After ball milling, the BAC obtained excellent pore structures and favorable surfaces for ion adsorption, which reduced electron transfer resistance and ion migration resistance in the electrodes. The optimal ball-milling time was 10 h. However, the improved effects of BAC as fixed electrodes and flow electrodes are different and the related mechanisms are discussed in detail. The average salt adsorption rates (ASAR) of FCDI and MCDI were improved by 134% and 17%, respectively, and the energy-normalized removal salt (ENRS) were enhanced by 21% and 53%, respectively. We believe that simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly BAC has great potential for practical engineering applications of FCDI and MCDI.     

上海市青浦区农业非点源污染的流域分配研究

根据遥感技术得到的土地利用类型、河网、道路、圩区等信息,结合地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,建立了在多种空间因素影响下确定农业非点源污染负荷的流域分配方法。在此基础上,以上海市青浦区为例,得到了该区各河段中的污染负荷量．从而为寻求流域内合理的土地利用模式和农业非点源污染排放总量的控制方法提供决策依据。     

Simultaneous adsorption and degradation of γ-HCH by nZVI/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles with activated carbon support

Cu amended zero valent iron bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized by doping Cu on the surface of iron. They were incorporated with granular activated carbon (AC) to prepare supported particles (AC-Fe⁰-Cu), which were used to remove γ-HCH. Cu on the surface of iron enhanced the dechlorination activity of Fe⁰. The dechlorination rate constant (k_obs) increased with the Cu loading on the surface of iron and the maximum was achieved with 6.073% Cu. AC as a support was effective for increasing the dispersion of the nanoparticles and avoiding the agglomeration of the metallic nanoparticles. The simultaneous adsorption of γ-HCH on AC accelerated the degradation rate of γ-HCH by the bimetals. After reaction for 165 min, around 99% of γ-HCH was removed by the solids of AC-Fe⁰-Cu. In addition, AC could adsorb the degradation products. The degradation of γ-HCH was mainly through dehydrochlorination and dichloroelmination based on the intermediate products detected by GC/MS.     

UASB反应器处理链霉素废水启动及运行性能

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理链霉素生产废水,研究了中温条件下反应器启动和稳定运行中废水处理性能及厌氧污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,通过逐步提高链霉素废水进水比例和负荷,可以实现UASB反应器的启动和稳定运行,并对高浓度链霉素实际废水具有良好的处理性能,COD去除率稳定在80%以上,COD去除负荷达7.2 kg/(m3·d),CH4产生量达到6.2 L/d。UASB反应器启动运行过程中,链霉素废水对污泥活性具有抑制影响,造成短期反应器运行性能明显下降,而后很快恢复。同时高负荷链霉素废水造成甲烷产率降低。污泥性状变化显著,污泥形态逐渐转变为颗粒态,污泥粒径增大,出现大量0.5~1.0 mm颗粒污泥,污泥VSS/SS比值升高,污泥沉降性明显增强,比产甲烷活性显著升高,表明污泥开始实现颗粒化。     

Exposure to PCBs, through inhalation, dermal contact and dust ingestion at Taizhou, China--a major site for recycling transformers

Air samples containing gaseous and particulate phases were collected from e-waste workplaces and residential areas of an intensive e-waste recycling area and compared with a reference site. The highest total concentration of PCBs was detected at transformer recycling workshops (17.6 ng m(-3)), followed by the residential area (3.37 ng m(-3)) at Taizhou, and the lowest was obtained at the residential area of the reference site, Lin'an (0.46 ng m(-3)). The same trend was also observed with regards to PCB levels in dust samples. The highest average PCBs level of 2824 ng g(-1) (dry wt) was found in the transformer recycling workshops, and was significantly higher than that of residential areas of Taizhou (572 ng g(-1) dry wt) and Lin'an (42.4 ng g(-1) dry wt). WHO-PCB-TEQ level in the workshops of Taizhou was 2216 pg TEQ(1998)g(-1) dry wt or 2159 pg TEQ(2005)g(-1) dry wt, due to the high abundance of PCB 126 (21.5 ng g(-1) dry wt), which contributed 97% or 99% of WHO-PCB-TEQs. The estimated intake of PCBs via dust ingestion and dermal absorption by transformer recycling workers were 77.5×10(-5) and 36.0×10(-5) pg WHO-PCB-TEQ(1998)kg(-1)d(-1), and 67.3×10(-5) and 31.3×10(-5) pg WHO-PCB-TEQ(2005)kg(-1)d(-1), respectively.     

O3-BAC-Cl2: A multi-barrier process controlling the regrowth of opportunistic waterborne pathogens in drinking water distribution systems

Simulated drinking water distribution system (DWDS) treated with O₃-BAC-Cl₂ (ozone-biological activated carbon-chlorine) was constructed to study its effects on the regrowth of five typical opportunistic pathogens (OPs). It was found that O₃-BAC-Cl₂ could significantly reduce the regrowth of target OPs in the effluents of DWDS compared with Cl₂ and O₃-Cl₂ with the same residual chlorine levels. However, the effect of O₃-BAC-Cl₂ on the average numbers of target OPs gene markers in the biofilms of DWDS was not apparent, suggesting that OPs in the biofilms of DWDS were tolerant to the upstream disinfection process. The quantification of target OPs in the BAC-filter column demonstrated that OPs decreased with the increase of depth, which was likely due to the organic nutrient gradient and microbial competition inside the BAC-filter. Increase in the ozone dose could further reduce the OPs at the bottom of the BAC-filter. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that some significant correlations existed between target microorganisms, suggesting potential microbial ecological relationships. Overall, our results demonstrated that the BAC-filter may act as a “battlefield” suppressing the OPs through microbial competition. O₃-BAC-Cl₂ could be an effective multi-barrier process to suppress the proliferation of OPs in the bulk water of DWDS. However, OPs protected by the biofilms of DWDS should receive further attention because OPs may be detached and released from the biofilms.