南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2009年3月~2010年4月采用干漏斗法和手捡法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被生境的土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化进行初步调查。共采得土壤动物样本3 164个,27个类群隶属于5门12纲23目。结果表明：近孔寡毛目（Plesiopora）、弹尾纲（Collembola）和蜱螨目（Acarina）为常年优势类群;双翅目（Diptera）、同翅目（Homoptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、等足目（Isopoda）、后孔寡毛目（Opisthopora）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群数和个体数量的季节消长规律分别是夏季>冬季>秋季>春季和夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。不同植被生境的土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园>混交林>农田;不同季节、不同人工植被类型以及不同季节和不同人工植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化,不同类群之间个体数量差异显著。多样性分析表明,土壤动物类群多样性和均匀性指数在夏季时最高;茶园和混交林多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于农田。不同植被类型土壤动物垂直分布特征均表现为具有明显的表聚性,土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显,类群数随土层向下逐步减少     

安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响

为进一步了解安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响,以安徽省沿江地区12个棉花主产市、县气象观测站1961～2010年逐日平均气温、降水量和日照时数气象数据为基础,采用线性趋势法和Mann Kendall非参数检验法,分析了平均气温、≥10℃积温、降水量、日照时数等气象要素的变化特征,并讨论其变化对棉花气象产量的影响。结果表明：近50 a,安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季平均气温和≥10℃积温均呈明显增加趋势(P<001),平均每10 a分别增加016℃和3713℃·d;降水量无明显变化趋势(P>005);日照时数显著减少(P<001),平均每10 a减少4692 h。棉花气象产量与生长季降水量、日照时数呈极显著相关关系,与平均气温、≥10℃积温相关不明显;平均气温、≥10℃积温和日照时数的增加均有利于棉花产量的提高,而降水过多不利于棉花产量的形成     

汉江上游前坊村黄土剖面化学风化程度及其环境意义

通过对郧县前坊村黄土剖面常量元素及相关参数分析,采用Al为标准的变化率参数计算。结果表明：(1)古土壤S0形成时期,土壤磁化率、粘粒成分、CIA值较典型黄土L1高,Na/K值低于典型黄土L1。这表明古土壤形成时期,气候温暖湿润,土壤风化淋溶较强,反映了较强的成壤过程,在黄土堆积时期气候相对干冷,沙尘暴频繁出现,土壤的成壤作用较弱;(2)碳酸盐含量的剧烈变化是影响黄土元素分布特征很重要的因素,其中,一些元素如Mn和Fe在剖面中的含量较高,主要是碳酸盐被强烈淋溶造成的相对富集;(3)前坊村剖面中,常量元素风化成土过程中,Na、Ca、Mg、K、Si和Ti在古土壤S0为主要迁移元素,其迁移顺序为：Na>Ca>Mg>K>Si>Ti;Mn和Fe表现的轻微富集;常量元素的迁移特征指示了汉江上游谷地黄土已经完成初级的脱Ca、Na阶段,应进入了早期去K的中等风化阶段     

HEC RAS模型在汉江上游郧县尚家河段全新世古洪水流量重建中的应用

以汉江上游郧县尚家河段含有4期全新世古洪水事件的沉积剖面为例,采用HEC RAS模型计算出这4期最大古洪水最大洪峰流量为45 550~61 750 m3/s,与比降法重建的古洪水洪峰流量结果相比,误差为158%~309%。同时,采用相同水文参数和模型,计算了剖面附近的2010年7月18日洪痕洪峰流量,与实测流量相比,误差为491%,说明重建古洪水洪峰流量时水文参数选择与洪峰流量计算结果是合理的,同时也表明利用HEC RAS模型在重建古洪水流量中简捷,可操作性强,其研究结果为古洪水水文学研究提供一种新的方法     

聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)复合磁性微球的吸附性能

以共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4,通过分散聚合法制备了磁性聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)(Fe3O4@P(St-MMA))微球,采用光学显微镜、红外光谱、样品磁力振荡计和X射线衍射(XRD)对磁性微球进行了表征。考察了复合磁性微球在不同的p H、离子强度和吸附时间等条件下对其吸附性能的影响,运用吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究了磁性微球对亚甲基蓝的表面吸附机理。结果表明,制备的磁性微球粒径在100~200μm之间,表面含有羧基,饱和磁化强度为9.44 emu/g,在外加磁场的作用下能够快速分离出来。亚甲基蓝的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,在100 min内基本达到吸附平衡;25℃下,最大吸附量高达144.9 mg/g,且吸附随着p H值的升高而增加,当p H7时,吸附量基本不变;随着离子强度增加,吸附量逐渐下降;Langmuir等温线能比较好地拟合磁性微球对溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附。     

硫酸活化市政污泥吸附Pb2+

以城市污水厂脱水剩余污泥为原材料,采用硫酸活化法制备活化剩余污泥,讨论了溶液初始pH、铅离子的浓度、接触时间和吸附剂投加量等因素对处理含铅废水效能影响,探讨了其吸附动力学特征.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对铅离子有较好吸附效果,10 min内吸附率达到75％,45 min内吸附基本达到平衡,在偏酸性或中性条件下,吸附容量随着初始pH增大而增大.采用4种动力学方程(准一级吸附动力学方程、准二级吸附动力学方程、颗粒扩散吸附动力学方程、Elov-ich动力学方程)对其吸附数据进行吸附动力学拟合,通过分析得出,准二级吸附动力学方程能较好地反映该吸附过程,其相关系数R2均达到0.999以上.     

铝片包裹氯化银置换法回收银

将含银废液中的Ag+转化为Ag Cl,再用铝片包裹Ag Cl固体,在Na2CO3溶液中采用置换法回收银。考察了各反应条件对Ag Cl还原为银的转化率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的反应条件为:Na2CO3溶液质量分数20%,反应温度40℃,反应时间20 h,不搅拌静置反应。在此适宜的反应条件下,Ag Cl还原为银的转化率为95.32%。     

从废FCC催化剂和废汽车尾气净化催化剂中回收稀土的研究进展

以稀土元素(简称稀土)用量较大的废FCC催化剂和废汽车尾气净化催化剂为研究对象,分析总结了两类废催化剂中稀土的成分和回收方法。从废催化剂中回收稀土普遍采用先浸出、后分离提纯的方法。浸出普遍采用无机酸(多为盐酸),分离方法包括溶剂萃取法、化学沉淀法等,最后经焙烧得到稀土氧化物。为从废催化剂中高效回收稀土,可着重考察新浸出机制的引入、分离方式的选择、分离试剂的应用,以及浸出和分离条件的优化,从而为实现工业化回收提供技术支持。     

Threats to China’s Biodiversity by Contradictions Policy

China has among the highest biodiversities in the world, but faces extreme biodiversity losses due to the country’s huge population and its recent explosive socioeconomic development. Despite huge efforts and investments by the government and Chinese society to conserve biodiversity, especially in recent decades, biodiversity losses may not have been reversed, and may even have been exacerbated by unintended consequences resulting from these projects. China’s centralized approach to biodiversity conservation, with limited local participation, creates an inflexible and inefficient approach because of conflicts between local communities and national administrators over the benefits. Although community-based conservation may be an imperfect approach, it is an essential component of a successful future national conservation plan. Biodiversity conservation should be considered from the perspective of systems engineering and a governance structure that combines centralization with community-level conservation. In this paper, we describe China’s complex challenge: how to manage interactions between humans and nature to find win–win solutions that can ensure long-term biodiversity conservation without sacrificing human concerns.     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.