Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

济南市夏季环境空气中PBDEs的浓度分布及潜在风险分析

为准确评估济南市夏季环境空气中PBDEs（多溴联苯醚）的污染情况,利用气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱（GC-NCI-MS）方法,对采集到的大气颗粒物滤膜和气相样品进行了分析,得到不同粒径颗粒相和气相PBDEs在济南市夏季环境空气中的质量浓度.结果表明:观测期间,济南市环境空气中TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）、PM₁₀和PM_2.5中的ρ（PBDEs）分别为（224.1±14.0）（156.5±43.7）（110.2±27.4）pg/m3,质量浓度较高的3种PBDEs单体分别为BDE209、BDE99、BDE183;气相中ρ（PBDEs）为（54.8±13.2）pg/m3,其中,质量浓度较高的单体分别为BDE209、BDE47、BDE99.通过主因子分析发现,不同粒径颗粒物上吸附的PBDEs特征单体不同,TSP中以五溴联苯醚为主,PM₁₀中以八溴联苯醚和五溴联苯醚为主,PM_2.5中则以五溴联苯醚、八溴联苯醚、十溴联苯醚为主.通过将2种模型的预测值和实测值进行比较发现,稳衡态模型比K_OA（辛醇-空气分配系数）模型更好地模拟了PBDEs的气-粒分配情况.在稳衡态模型下,PBDEs在气-粒分配中接近于平衡状态.高溴代PBDEs主要分布于颗粒相中,而低溴代PBDEs的真实情况不同于理论预测结果,BDE99及BDE47在颗粒相的分配比高于50%,说明济南市低溴代PBDEs也容易吸附在颗粒相中.根据计算的PBDEs呼吸暴露水平可知,PM_2.5上PBDEs呼吸暴露量占TSP呼吸暴露量的49.1%,儿童约是成人的1.5倍.济南市普通儿童和成人对BDE99最高总摄入量分别为234.78和169.57 pg/（kg·d）,均低于BDE99最大允许摄入量260 pg/（kg·d）.根据US EPA（美国环境保护局）发布的PBDEs健康风险评价方法（EPA/540/R/070/002）,利用国内外相关参数分别计算空气吸入致癌风险指数发现,济南市夏季环境空气中PBDEs的致癌风险处于较低水平.研究显示,济南市夏季环境空气中不同粒径颗粒物PBDEs的质量浓度处于较低污染水平,其产生的潜在健康风险也较低.      

基于主成分分析的河流水环境质量评价研究

主成分分析是多元统计分析的一个分支,它能够在保证原始数据信息损失最小的情况下,以少数的综合变量取代原有的多维变量,简化数据结构,客观确定权重,是环境质量综合评价的一种简单易行的方法.基于主成分分析理论,建立了水质综合评价模型,以南淝河为例,选取南淝河五个监测断面的九项监测指标作为评价因子,对南淝河的水环境质量进行综合评价.结果表明,南淝河流域水环境质量总体较差,有机污染物是造成南淝河水质污染的主要原因.     

不同光照下微囊藻垂直迁移模拟研究

通过室内模拟不同光照条件下微囊藻水华的垂直迁移过程,分析了光强对微囊藻细胞在水柱中聚集和悬浮的影响。结果表明:不同光源下水柱中微囊藻细胞发生垂直迁移,并明显聚集于中下层;I2光源下微囊藻细胞垂直迁移速度高于其他处理,高达2.59 m/h;微囊藻细胞在弱光条件下,通过形成伪空泡使其细胞密度降低、浮力增大,从而悬浮于水柱中,寻找适宜生境;野外水域中以微囊藻为优势藻种的蓝藻水华正是通过在强光条件下伪空泡破裂下沉、弱光条件下伪空泡增多上浮的趋利避害机制而产生。     

水泥工业大气污染物排放控制水平确立研究

国家修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,新建企业自2014年3月1日起实施,现有企业自2015年7月1日起实施.在修订过程中,如何确定可行的大气污染物排放控制水平,成为标准限值确定的关键.标准编制组系统调查分析了我国水泥工业污染排放现状、污染控制技术应用情况、环境管理需求、国外标准控制水平等,提出了可行的排放控制要求.新标准扩大了标准适用范围,增加了污染物控制项目,提高了颗粒物、NOx等指标的排放控制要求,同时增加了适用于重点地区的大气污染物特别排放限值.新标准的实施将成为水泥工业污染防治、总量减排、调整产业结构、优化布局的重要抓手,新标准将促进水泥工业生产工艺和污染治理技术的进步.     

乙酸钠和无机盐对部分亚硝化反应器运行性能的影响

通过间歇试验和连续流反应器的运行试验,探索了实现部分亚硝化反应的控制条件,考察了乙酸钠和无机盐对部分亚硝化工艺效能的影响.结果表明,通过控制进水碱度、溶解氧和水力停留时间,可在气升式反应器中实现稳定的部分亚硝化,反应器出水适宜后续厌氧氨氧化反应器处理.乙酸钠对部分亚硝化反应器的运行性能有重大影响.添加乙酸钠后,反应器出水氨氮浓度不变,亚硝氮、硝氮和总氮浓度减小,且变化程度与所添加的有机物浓度呈正相关,乙酸钠引发反硝化是造成影响的主要原因.短期批次试验表明,在摩尔浓度相同的条件下,NaCl、KCl和Na2SO4对氨氧化活性的影响程度接近,盐浓度为150mmol·L-1时,氨氧化活性为未添加盐时的60%.连续流试验证明,通过逐渐提高盐浓度,部分亚硝化反应器能适应25g·L-1盐度的水质.当盐度大于27g·L-1时,出水水质不合要求.亚硝酸细菌对高盐度胁迫比硝酸细菌敏感.     

地下水水源地保护区划分发展历程及方案、方法研究

介绍了国内外地下水水源地保护区建设的发展进程;综述了世界各国地下水水源地保护区区界的界定;同时阐述了目前国内外地下水水源地保护区划分的主要方法,重点剖析了经验法、计算半径法、矫正形状法、解析法、水文地质划分法和数值模拟法的特点和适用条件,并给出了各种方法所需要的数据资料;指出了地下水水源地保护区划分方法的发展趋势和研究方向.     

Carbonyl emissions from commercial cooking sources in Hong Kong

Cooking fumes are an important carbonyl emission source, especially in a highly urbanized city, such as Hong Kong. Cooking exhaust from 15 commercial kitchens of a variety of cooking styles was sampled and analyzed for a suite of 13 carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compositions were varied among the different cooking styles. Formaldehyde was generally the most abundant carbonyl, and its contribution to the total carbonyl amount on a molar basis ranged from 12 to 60%. Acrolein was also found to be an abundant carbonyl in the cooking exhaust. The highest contribution by acrolein to the total carbonyls was found to be 30% in the exhaust of a western-style steak restaurant. Long-chain saturated carbonyls, that is, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, accounted for a significant fraction (> 40%) of the total carbonyls in kitchens that always used heated cooking oils. Two dicarbonyls, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, had a various presence in the cooking emissions, ranging from negligible to 10%. The presence of benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde was mostly negligible in the sampled kitchen exhaust. Annual emission rates of both individual carbonyls and total carbonyls were estimated for various types of commercial kitchens. Local-style fast-food shops contributed the highest total carbonyl emissions per year mainly because of the large number of this kind of restaurant in Hong Kong. The citywide annual emission rates of the three most toxic carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, were estimated assuming that the limited number of sampled restaurants were representative of the average restaurants. Such estimates of carbonyl emission rates were comparable to the estimated carbonyl emissions from vehicular sources, suggesting the importance of commercial cooking as a source for carbonyls in Hong Kong.     

探索树木年轮中的地震秘密

<正>树木与地震可谓风马牛不相及的话题。然而,科学家却从树木年轮的变化中,揭开了我们人类尚不知晓的地震秘密。为我们了解过去的地震灾害事件积累了许多珍贵的资料……美国加州圣安德烈斯断层曾发生了伤亡严重的1906年旧金山大地震,并至今仍然威胁着     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China

Surface soils from the outskirts of Beijing were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution map of total PAHs content was obtained as a contour plot. The concentration range of 16 PAHs varied by over two orders of magnitude from 0.016 microg g-1 in rural to 3.884 microg g-1 in suburban soils with the relatively standard deviation of 70.5%, showing large differences in the extent of PAHs pollution at the various sampling sites. It was notable that the concentration of BaP was 0.005-0.270 microg g-1 with a mean of 0.055 microg g-1. In general, the distribution of PAHs centered on the high molecular weight PAHs known to be carcinogenic. The 4-6 ring PAHs represented about 66% in rural samples and 70% in suburban soils of the total PAHs found. There was relatively good relationship among most of the individual PAHs and the compounds of Pyr, BaA, Flu, BbF, BaP, Chr and Ph gave strong correlation (r>0.8) with the sum of PAHs. The selected marked compounds, a principal component analysis (PCA) and special PAHs compound ratios (Ph/An vs Flu/Pyr; summation operator COMB/ summation operator EPA-PAHs) suggest the pyrogenic origins, especially traffic exhausts, are the dominant sources of PAHs in Beijing outskirts soils.