Anaerobic co-digestion of dairy cow manure and high concentrated food processing waste

Anaerobic co-digestion of dairy manure (DM) and concentrated food processing wastes (FPW) under thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic (35 °C) temperatures, and fertilizer value of the effluent were investigated in this study. Two types of influent feedstock were utilized: 100 % DM and a 7:3 mixture (wet weight basis) of DM and FPW. The contents of the FPW, as feedstock were 3:3:3:1 mixture of cheese whey, animal blood, used cooking oil and residue of fried potato. Four continuous digestion experiments were carried out in 10 L digesters. Co-digestion under thermophilic temperature increased methane production per digester volume. However, co-digestion at 35 °C was inhibited. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (N) recovered after digestion ranged from 73.1 to 91.9 %, while recoveries of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) exceeded 100 %. The high recovery of NH₄-N was attributed to mineralization of influent organic N. The mixture of DM and FPW showed greater recoveries of NH₄-N after digestion compared to DM only, reflecting its greater organic N degradability. The ratios of extractable to total calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were slightly reduced after digestion. These results indicate that co-digestion of DM and FPW under thermophilic temperature enhances methane production and offers additional benefit of organic fertilizer creation.     

Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

2006年结案的11起特别重大事故

近几年来人们普遍感到各种事故越来越多,尤其是恶性事故的频发率很高,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失愈发厉害,让人惊恐不安。据国家安全生产监督管理总局、监察部的通报,在2006年处理结案特别     

基于代理模型的制导子弹气动外形优化设计

目的 针对传统气动外形优化设计依赖于高精度仿真耗时过长的问题，为有效提高气动优化设计的效率，提出一种基于代理模型的气动外形优化方法。方法 以12.7 mm制导子弹为研究对象，通过CFD仿真，分析尾翼收缩段长度、弹底半径和尾翼收缩扩张段交界处半径对制导子弹飞行过程中阻力系数的影响。基于代理模型技术，综合运用试验设计、参数化建模、CFD技术和四阶响应面模型，构建制导子弹气动外形优化设计代理模型，以制导子弹飞行过程中的最小阻力系数为优化目标，结合遗传算法对制导子弹外形参数进行优化。结果 对比四阶多项式响应面和Kriging模型建立的代理模型预测精度，与测试样本点CFD仿真计算结果相比，四阶响应面代理模型阻力系数预测值的平均误差为0.386%。表明四阶响应面代理模型能够有效替代CFD仿真，可用于预测不同外形参数下制导子弹的阻力系数。结论 相对于最初的制导子弹外形，制导子弹的阻力系数下降了14.59%，有效减少子弹飞行过程中的能量损失和缩短了优化时长。该方法在保证精度的前提下，减少了制导子弹的设计周期，为相关工程应用与研究提供了一定的参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收法直接测试水中铝

本文通过基体改进剂的选择及仪器工作条件的选择，探索出一种精密度，准确度均达到满意结果，稳定性较好的测试方法。     

The Buffer Capacity of Calcareous Soils in Gansu Province of China

In this study, we added increments of acid and base to three calcareous soils from the eastern, middle and western parts of Gansu Province (China) and to three treated soils to remove calcium carbonate, organic matter and both carbonate and organic matter, respectively. the titration curves were measured and the magnitudes of buffer capacities as a function of pH were computed. It was found that the buffer capacity of calcareous soil is mainly attributed to calcium carbonate, as expected from the chemical composition of calcareous soil, while cation exchange system, silicate buffer system and organic matter play a minor role. the results clearly show that these soils of Gansu Province will not become a problem in the near future from the entrance of H⁺ into these soils.     

Impact Factors of Energy Productivity in China: An Empirical Analysis

This article developed a decomposition model of energy productivity on the basis of the economic growth model. Four factors were considered which may influence China’s energy productivity according to this model: technology improvement, resource allocation structure, industrial structure and institute arrangement. Then, an econometric model was employed to test the four factors empirically on the basis of China’s statistical data from 1978 to 2004. Results indicated that capital deepening con- tributes the most (207%) to energy efficiency improvement, and impact from labor forces (13%) is the weakest one in resource factor; industrial structure (7%) and institute innovation (9.5%) positively improve the energy productivity.     

Cover Image

The cover image is based on the Original Article Noninvasive prenatal paternity testing by means of SNP-based targeted sequencing by Jacqueline Chor Wing Tam et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.5595 .