Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

2006年结案的11起特别重大事故

近几年来人们普遍感到各种事故越来越多,尤其是恶性事故的频发率很高,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失愈发厉害,让人惊恐不安。据国家安全生产监督管理总局、监察部的通报,在2006年处理结案特别     

基于代理模型的制导子弹气动外形优化设计

目的 针对传统气动外形优化设计依赖于高精度仿真耗时过长的问题，为有效提高气动优化设计的效率，提出一种基于代理模型的气动外形优化方法。方法 以12.7 mm制导子弹为研究对象，通过CFD仿真，分析尾翼收缩段长度、弹底半径和尾翼收缩扩张段交界处半径对制导子弹飞行过程中阻力系数的影响。基于代理模型技术，综合运用试验设计、参数化建模、CFD技术和四阶响应面模型，构建制导子弹气动外形优化设计代理模型，以制导子弹飞行过程中的最小阻力系数为优化目标，结合遗传算法对制导子弹外形参数进行优化。结果 对比四阶多项式响应面和Kriging模型建立的代理模型预测精度，与测试样本点CFD仿真计算结果相比，四阶响应面代理模型阻力系数预测值的平均误差为0.386%。表明四阶响应面代理模型能够有效替代CFD仿真，可用于预测不同外形参数下制导子弹的阻力系数。结论 相对于最初的制导子弹外形，制导子弹的阻力系数下降了14.59%，有效减少子弹飞行过程中的能量损失和缩短了优化时长。该方法在保证精度的前提下，减少了制导子弹的设计周期，为相关工程应用与研究提供了一定的参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收法直接测试水中铝

本文通过基体改进剂的选择及仪器工作条件的选择，探索出一种精密度，准确度均达到满意结果，稳定性较好的测试方法。     

Optimal methods to determine the physical parameters for activated carbon adsorption

The objectives of this research were to examine the physical characteristics of activated carbons made of different materials, thereby suggest a preferable approach to obtaining the optimal estimation of the parameters for the activated carbons by the statistical techniques. After the appropriate pretreatments, the apparent and true densities of activated carbon, adsorption isotherms of argon, nitrogen and mercury, and the adsorptive capacity of benzene were determined by using the recommended approaches. The results showed that the shapes of hysteresis loop indicated that the pores were probably slit‐shaped or formed by plate‐like particles, which could be confirmed by the SEM examination. It was noted that the apparent density used for pore volume calculation presented a higher possibility of underestimation. Through the use of the statistical techniques, such as factor analysis (FA) and correspondence analysis (CA), the principal physical parameters on adsorption phenomena could be characterized. Finally, the optimal methods for obtaining the surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were suggested.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions

Abstract

The photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur, a nitrogen‐containing pesticide, has been investigated using aqueous TiO₂ suspensions as catalyst in this study. The operating variables considered in the study were initial pH, temperature, [H₂O₂] and TiO₂ loading. Results showed that 1 g/l of TiO₂ was the optimum dosage for oxidizing propoxur in this system. Hydrogen peroxide can increase the oxidation rate with increasing its initial concentration. There was no obvious difference in the rate of propoxur oxidation at the initial pH of 4, 6 and 9, and the final pHs of reaction solutions were around 5.5. However, propoxur degraded slower at initial pH 2, and the pH did not vary during the period of photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic oxidation of propoxur using TiO₂ suspensions as the photocatalyst was reaction‐controlled as indicated by the activation energy.     

中部地区能源效率影响因素的分析模型与案例研究

利用1995～2007年中部地区六省的GDP和能源消费量数据，比较中部六省的能源效率情况，并构建能源效率影响因素的多元回归模型，对存在显著差异的地区进行案例分析。研究的结果表明能源资源较为丰富的地区能源效率较低，影响能源效率的因素有多种，其中经济发展水平、产业结构、原材料价格和能源价格这些因素对山西省的能源效率有显著性影响。为此，政府应转变经济增长方式，降低煤炭产业在GDP中的比例，大力发展第三产业，提高经济发展水平， 深入改革能源价格体系，科学合理地利用煤炭，增加对石油、天然气等其他能源消费的合理需求，以提高能源效率。     

华能集团公司"九五"期间的环境保护

回顾了华能集团公司“九五”期间的 环境保护工作管理状况及取得的主要成果和经验。