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91.
Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen in an agricultural watershed in eastern China: catchment export, stream attenuation and discharge 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Chen D Lu J Shen Y Gong D Deng O 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2989-2995
Using the monthly hydrogeochemical data of ChangLe River system from 2004 to 2008, total nitrogen (TN) export load (S(n)) from nonpoint sources (NPS) to stream and in-stream attenuation load (A(L)) was estimated by the inverse and forward format of an existing in-stream nutrient transport equation, respectively. Estimated S(n) contributed 96 ± 2% of TN entering the river system, while A(L) reduced the input TN by 23 ± 14% in average. In-stream TN attenuation efficiency in high flow periods (10 ± 5% in average for the entire river system) was much lower than that in low flow periods (39 ± 17%). TN attenuation efficiency in tributaries (28 ± 16% in average) was much higher than that in mainstream (11 ± 8%). Hydrological conditions are important in determining the spatio-temporal distributions of NPS TN export, stream attenuation and discharge. Increasing the water residence time might be a practical method for mitigating stream TN. 相似文献
92.
Baseline soil levels of PCDD/Fs established prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg−1 (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg−1 (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs. 相似文献
93.
Xian T. Lu Yun Ma Cui Wang Xiao F. Zhang Da Q. Jin Chang J. Huang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):445-454
Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L?1 and 40 mg L?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity. 相似文献
94.
Status of trace elements in paddy soil and sediment in Taihu Lake region 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Thirteen paddy soil profiles and river sediments which are sources of irrigation water were collected around the Taihu Lake, and the trace elements were estimated. The content of La and Ce in paddy soil and sediment were 39.3 and 68.6 mg/kg soil and 36.9 and 65.1 mg/kg soil, being within the range of background values. The values for Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Zn, Se in paddy soil were 23.3, 27.8, 25.5, 63.5, 10.2, 386, 68.7 and 0.25 mg/kg soil respectively, all below the national permission level. There was a decline of Zn in paddy soil. Some of the river sediments were seriously polluted. The river in Yangjin site was most contaminated with 5.47 g Cu/kg and 7.4 g Zn/kg. The high concentration of Pb and Ni also was observed in this sediment. River in Weitang, Huashi, Xinzhuang and Meiyan were contaminated with Pb, Cu and Ni to some extent. Zn, Cu and Pb were the main pollutants in present experiment sites. The fast development of village/township industries have caused severe environmental pollution in the Taihu Lake region, especially irrigation river sediments. Se content in plant and seed was 0.04 and 0.03 mg/kg respectively, showed Se-deficiency in paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region. 相似文献
95.
大型蚤是一种国际公认的标准实验生物,广泛应用于污水、地表水等水质毒性检测。毒性水平较低的城市二级出水,对大型蚤往往无急性毒性效应,而具有慢性毒性效应,但慢性毒性检测周期过长,因此探索一种更灵敏的指标,实现快速检测,对于控制二级出水的水质风险具有重要意义。本研究考察了大型蚤在短期暴露于城市二级出水条件下,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、ATP酶、羧酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的酶活变化特征,从中筛选出对二级出水毒性响应灵敏的标志酶指标。实验结果表明,碱性磷酸酯酶、过氧化氢酶对二级出水毒性响应相对较灵敏,具有成为标志酶的潜力,研究结果为城市二级出水生物毒性评价方法优化提供新的思路。 相似文献
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99.
Liang Lu Yuqi Jin Hongmei Liu Xiaojun Ma Kunio Yoshikawa 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(1):79-85
Nitrogen evolution was studied during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid wastes (HT MSW) and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). HT MSW blending ratios as 10%, 20% and 30% (wt.%) were selected and tested at 700, 800, 900 °C. Emissions of NO and N2O from blends were measured and compared with the results of mono-combustion trials. Moreover, concentrations of precursors like NH3 and HCN were also quantified. The results are summarized as follows: NO emissions were predominant in all the cases, which rose with increasing temperature. The blending of HT MSW contributed to the NO reduction. N2O emissions decreased with temperature rising and the blending of HT MSW also presented positive effects. At 30% HT MSW addition, both NO and N2O emissions showed the lowest values (391.85 ppm and 55.33 ppm, respectively at 900 °C). For the precursors, more HCN was detected than NH3 and both played important roles on the gas side nitrogen evolution. 相似文献
100.